βAR
Gi
INS
INSR
A1/A3
Adenosine
Opioids
δ
BK
B2
AC
CNG
NPR-B
NPR-A
PMCA
ATPase
NCX
Kca
L-type Car
TRPC6
GPCR
CNP
BNP
ANP
IRS
PI3K
Akt
eNOS
Gi
s-GC
NO
c-AMP
AMP
Phototransduction
PDE2
PDE3
cGMP
5’GMP
PDE5
PKG
Platelet activation
Raf-1
MEK
ERK
VASP
Bad
CREB
Cell growth and differentiationPlatelet inhibition
Decreased releaseof cytochrome C
Increasedexpression ofanti-apoptotic proteins
Decreased activityof caspase-3
Inhitbition of apoptosis
MLCP
RhoA
ROCK
Mitochondria
PKCξ-1
mKATP
PKCξ2
MPT
K+
Increase pH
H2O2
Cardiprotection
MLC
Smooth musclerelaxation
MLCK
CaM
Decrease in intracellularfree calcium
Ca2+
SERCA
PLB
IP3R
Gq/11
G12/13
Cn
RGS
TFII-1
IRAG
NFAT
SRF
GATA-4
MEF2
Reduced cardiachypertophy
Transcription
TRPC
BNP
β-MHC
Decreased calaiumrelease from store
Increased calciumsequestration
NO
p-GCs
Ca2+
Ca2+
K+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Decrease inintracellularfree calcium
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
PLCβ
IP3
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
+P
-P
-P
PI3K-Aktsignalign pathway
Vascular smoothmuscle contration
Apoptosis