Recombinant Mouse Homeobox protein DLX-1 (Dlx1)

1. Studies revealed that Dlx1/2 and Otp are required for the specification of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)- and AgRP-neurons, respectively. Dlx1/2 suppress agouti-related protein (AgRP)-neuronal fate by directly binding and repressing the Otp gene, uncovering a novel Dlx1/2-Otp gene regulatory axis critical for the segregation of GHRH- and AgRP-neuronal fates. PMID: 29795232
2. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. We show that Dlx1/Dlx2 homeobox genes regulate GABA synthesis during forebrain development through direct activation of glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme isoforms that convert glutamate to GABA. PMID: 28821666
3. Dlx1 and Dlx2 function both downstream of ATOH7 and in parallel, but cooperative, pathways that involve regulation of Brn3b expression to determine retinal ganglion cell fate. PMID: 28356311
4. Dlx1 specifically suppresses Npn-2 and PAK3 and induces characteristic morphology of interneuron dendrites. PMID: 24236816
5. despite their redundant properties, Gsx1 and -2 have distinct interactions with Dlx1 and -2 PMID: 23042297
6. Mice devoid of Dlx1as RNA are viable and fertile, and display a mild skeletal and neurological phenotype of a Dlx1 gain-of function phenotype, suggesting a role for this non-coding antisense RNA in modulating Dlx1 transcript levels and stability PMID: 23415800
7. The functions of Dlx1 and Dlx2 are crucial for the initial formation of the posterior palatal shelves, and that the Dlx genes lie upstream of multiple signaling molecules and transcription factors important for later stages of palatogenesis. PMID: 22972697
8. mice with a conditional deletion of Dlx1 have a chronic reduction in inhibition that reduces receptive field size in mouse auditory cortex PMID: 22753490
9. A subtype-specific reduction of interneurons, particularly in the superficial layers, is found in the visual cortex of Dlx1 mutant mice; however, there is no evidence for altered properties of thalamic relay to visual cortex in Dlx1 mutant mice. PMID: 21666125
10. Voltage-clamp recordings of interneurons in hippocampal slices prepared from Dlx1-deficient animals older than postnatal day 30 reveal significant reduction in excitatory postsynaptic current amplitude. PMID: 21325686
11. Brn-3b suppresses the role of DLX1/2 through physical interaction and biases the competent precursors toward retinal ganglion cell fates. PMID: 21875655
12. While Mash1 is required for early neurogenesis (E10.5), Dlx1 and Dlx2 are required to downregulate Notch signaling during specification and differentiation steps of 'late' progenitors (P3). PMID: 12397111
13. Dlx1 has a role in deteriming mouse basal ganglia and neocortex axonal development PMID: 12421703
14. Cross-talk between Msx/Dlx homeobox genes and vitamin D during tooth mineralization. Msx2 overexpression and vitamin D addition inhibited osteocalcin expression in immortalized MO6-G3 odontoblasts. PMID: 12489206
15. Dlx-1 does not play a direct role in dopamine phenotypic differentiation and tyrosine hydroxylase gene regulation in adult olfactory bulb. Widespread expression of Dlx in adult brains suggests these genes may have additional roles in mature animals. PMID: 12722102
16. genes act as forebrain-specific factors linking general neuron-inducing signals to region-specific neuron differentiation programs. PMID: 12799141
17. The gene expresssion profile of Dlx1 mutant subpallium was studied at different embryonic days. PMID: 15376329
18. early-born RGCs are Dlx1 and Dlx2 independent, but Dlx function is necessary for terminal differentiation of late-born retinal ganglion cell progenitors PMID: 15604100
19. MSX and DLX have roles in contributing to spatiotemporal regulation of GnRH transcription during development PMID: 15743757
20. Dlx1 mutant mice show generalized electrographic seizures and histological evidence of seizure-induced reorganization, linking the Dlx1 mutation to delayed-onset epilepsy associated with interneuron loss. PMID: 16007083
21. DLX1 or DLX2 can function as transcriptional repressors PMID: 17259176
22. Dlx-1 and -2 regulate parallel molecular pathways that are required for the generation of olfactory bulb interneurons. PMID: 17376983
23. Analyses of protein-DNA interactions provide evidence of a direct role for MASH1 in Dlx1/2 regulation in the forebrain. PMID: 17409112
24. These data suggest that interneuron subtypes use distinct combinations of Dlx1/Dlx2 enhancers from the time they are specified through adulthood. PMID: 17494687
25. Dlx1 is required for coordinating programs of neurite maturation and migration. PMID: 17582329
26. Dlx1&2 negatively regulate Olig2-dependant oligodendrocyte precursor cell formation. Role for Dlx genes as modulators of neuron versus oligodendrocyte development in ventral embryonic forebrain. PMID: 17678855
27. DLX proteins the potential to stimulate osteoblastic differentiation and may compensate for the absence of this protein to produce normal osteoblastic differentiation in knockout mice. PMID: 18280462
28. Data show that Cre-recombinase is active in a "Dlx-pattern" in the embryonic forebrain of transgenic mice, and suggest that both I12b and URE2 are direct targets of DLX2 and require Dlx1 and Dlx2 expression for proper activity. PMID: 19026749
29. Results identify Dlx-dependent and Dlx-independent pathways, and show that the Dlx-independent pathway depends in part on the function of the Mash1 b-HLH transcription factor. PMID: 19030180
30. These analyses define core transcriptional components that differentially specify the identity and differentiation of the globus pallidus, basal telencephalon, and pallial interneurons. PMID: 19386638

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KEGG: mmu:13390

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000042413

UniGene: Mm.475101