Product Details

Purity

>97% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Endotoxin

Less than 1.0 EU/μg as determined by LAL method.

Activity

Fully biologically active when compared to standard. The ED50 as determined by a cell proliferation assay using human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) is less than 0.5 μg/ml, corresponding to a specific activity of >2000 IU/mg.

Target Names

Cx3cl1

Uniprot No.

O35188

Research Area

Immunology

Alternative Names

Cx3cl1; Cx3c; Fkn; Scyd1; Fractalkine; FK; C-X3-C motif chemokine 1; CX3C membrane-anchored chemokine; Neurotactin; Small-inducible cytokine D1

Species

Mus musculus (Mouse)

Source

E.coli

Expression Region

25-100aa

Complete Sequence

QHLGMTKCEI MCGKMTSRIP VALLIRYQLN QESCGKRAIV LETTQHRRFC ADPKEKWVQD AMKHLDHQAA ALTKNG

Mol. Weight

8.7 kDa

Protein Length

Partial

Tag Info

Tag-Free

Form

Lyophilized powder

Buffer

Lyophilized from a 0.2 µm filtered PBS, pH 7.4

Reconstitution

We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Please reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL.We recommend to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. Our default final concentration of glycerol is 50%. Customers could use it as reference.

Troubleshooting and FAQs

Protein FAQs

Storage Condition

Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Shelf Life

The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself.
Generally, the shelf life of liquid form is 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. The shelf life of lyophilized form is 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.

Lead Time

5-10 business days

Notes

Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Datasheet & COA

Please contact us to get it.

Description

Fractalkine (CX3CL1) uniquely functions as both a membrane-anchored adhesion molecule and a soluble chemoattractant, making its chemokine domain critical for studying CX3CR1-dependent leukocyte recruitment. This tag-free recombinant mouse CX3CL1 fragment (25–100 aa) encompasses the mature chemokine domain and demonstrates strong signaling potency, with an ED50 below 0.5 μg/ml in a human PBL proliferation assay corresponding to a specific activity exceeding 2,000 IU/mg — data that supports use in chemotaxis and migration assays, lymphocyte activation studies, and downstream CX3CR1 signaling investigations involving NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Endotoxin levels below 1.0 EU/μg minimize LPS-driven artifacts that can confound immune cell functional readouts, making this protein appropriate for in vivo inflammation models and as a reference standard in cytokine detection assays. Purity exceeding 97% by SDS-PAGE, combined with this endotoxin profile, also provides a suitable basis for antibody development, ELISA coating, and Western blot positive controls.

Target Background

Function

Chemokine that acts as a ligand for both CX3CR1 and integrins ITGAV:ITGB3 and ITGA4:ITGB1. The CX3CR1-CX3CL1 signaling exerts distinct functions in different tissue compartments, such as immune response, inflammation, cell adhesion and chemotaxis. Regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium. Can activate integrins in both a CX3CR1-dependent and CX3CR1-independent manner. In the presence of CX3CR1, activates integrins by binding to the classical ligand-binding site (site 1) in integrins. In the absence of CX3CR1, binds to a second site (site 2) in integrins which is distinct from site 1 and enhances the binding of other integrin ligands to site 1.; The soluble form is chemotactic for T-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils.; The membrane-bound form promotes adhesion of those leukocytes to endothelial cells.

Gene References into Functions

The data of this study suggested that overexpression of only chemokine domain of CX3CL1 does not protect against tau pathology. PMID: 30253780
the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis contributes to the proliferative and pro-inflammatory effects of Ang II in VSMCs. PMID: 29356931
that CX3CL1-CX3CR1 signaling is a molecular mechanism capable of modulating microglial-mediated degeneration PMID: 27314452
CXCR4(+) CD45(-) bone marrow cells are niche forming for osteoclastogenesis via the SDF-1, CXCL7, and CX3CL1 signaling pathways in bone marrow. PMID: 27339271
Increased fractalkine and its receptor CX3CR1 may cause a cross-talk between activated glial cells and neurons, playing an important role in the development of neuroinflammation in fructose-fed mice. PMID: 26765996
miR-223 controls the expression of CX3CL1 by targeting HDAC2 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and mouse models of the disease. PMID: 26864305
in this study, CX3CL1 is identified as a novel substrate of MMP-19 PMID: 26555704
The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 system is essential for restricting coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. PMID: 28800592
changes in GSK-3beta activity and/or levels regulate the production and subsequent secretion of fractalkine, a chemokine involved in the immune response that has been linked to AD and to other different neurological disorders. PMID: 27832289
Medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) interneurons secrete fractalkine that promotes genesis of oligodendrocytes from glially biased cortical precursors in culture. Moreover, when MGE interneurons are genetically ablated in vivo prior to their migration, this causes a deficit in cortical oligodendrogenesis. PMID: 28472653
our findings reveal a previously unknown regulatory role for LRRK2 in CX3CR1 signalling and suggest that an increase of CX3CR1 activity contributes to the attenuated inflammatory responses in Lrrk2-null microglia PMID: 27378696
a crucial role of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 in experimental colitis, in particular for intestinal leukocyte recruitment during murine colitis, is reported. PMID: 27942903
These results strongly suggest the involvement of CX3CL1 in the migration of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis. PMID: 27579490
Authors provide evidence that interactions between CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 play crucial roles in determining the number of M1 macrophages within the skin of mice, which in turn can have dramatic effects on psoriasis-like inflammation. PMID: 26976687
In the absence of the rd8 allele, deficiency of CCR2 and CX3CL1 in mice leads to a mild form of retinal degeneration which is associated with the recruitment of macrophages, particularly to the subretinal space. This model enables to assess consequences of perturbed chemokine signaling, but it does not recapitulate cardinal age-related macular degeneration features. PMID: 26670885
Also icariin reduced CX3CR1 and CX3CL1 protein levels in the artery wall. In conclusion, icariin could be a potential anti-atherosclerosis agent by downregulating the expression of CX3CR1. PMID: 26802470
The biological activity of CX3CL1 is regulated by conversion of a membrane integrated to a soluble form during neurogenesis and in response to pathologic changes in the adult retinal milieu. PMID: 25191897
CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling is involved in LTP of C-fiber-evoked field potentials in the rodent spinal dorsal horn PMID: 25768734
CX3CL1/CX3CR1-mediated microglial activation plays a detrimental role in ischemic brain via p38MAPK/PKC signaling PMID: 25966946
Cx3cl1 overexpression suppresses alpha-synuclein-mediated neurodegeneration. PMID: 25195598
IFN-gamma induces aberrant CD49b+ NK cell recruitment and pregnancy failure through regulating CX3CL1. PMID: 25375377
Insulin resistance increases plaque vulnerability by augmenting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis, which is mechanistically linked to reduced vascular smooth muscle cell survival PMID: 24788416
Together, these studies challenge the "frustrated phagocytosis" concept and suggest that neuronal-microglial communication link the two central AD pathologies. PMID: 25209291
CX3CL1 may contribute to the regulation of toxigenic C. difficile infection. PMID: 24362517
These results demonstrate that the de novo CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis plays a pivotal role in osteoclast recruitment and subsequent bone resorption PMID: 24401612
our data suggest that the CX3CR1/ CX3CL1 pathway is involved in the recruitment of circulating CD16 thorn CX3CR1 thorn monocytes to the periprosthetic tissues. PMID: 24700421
Data indicate that atopic dermatitis (AD) pathology and immune responses were profoundly decreased in CX3CR1-deficient mice and upon blocking CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interactions in wild-type mice. PMID: 24821910
Loss of ACE2 exacerbates AngII-mediated inflammation, myocardial injury and dysfunction in ACE2-deficient hearts via activation of the CTGF-FKN-ERK and MMP signaling. PMID: 24161906
CX3CL1 transiently potentiates NMDAR function though mechanisms involving A2AR activity and the release of D-serine. PMID: 23981568
Interactions between CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 may contribute to the development of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. PMID: 23470165
HDACs and NF-kB signaling coordinate epithelial expression of CX3CL1 to promote mucosal antimicrobial defense through suppression of the mir-424-503 gene. PMID: 23724129
carotid artery injury was associated with greater chemokine 1 CX3C expression in the acute phase followed by greater CX3C receptor 1 coexpressing smooth muscle-like cell content in later lesions and less neointima formation than in femoral arteries PMID: 23653073
our data indicate an upregulation of fractalkine and downregulation of CX3CR1 in sepsis, which seems to be mediated by the transcripting factor NF-KappaB likely via reduced liberation of proinflammtory cytokines in the whole murine organism. PMID: 23026294
Extracellular adenosine is an endogenous modulator of neuroinflammation that induces CX3CL1 at the chorid plexus. PMID: 22883932
Fractalkine's essential role in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and atherosclerosis progression has been impressively described in mouse models. Review. PMID: 22739755
Suggest that Ang-II induces functional CX(3)CL1 expression in arterial but not in venous endothelial cells. PMID: 23117657
H(2)S hampers the progression of atherosclerosis in fat-fed apoE(-/-) mice and downregulates CX3CR1 and CX3CL1 expression on macrophages and in lesion plaques PMID: 22815945
Hypoxic release of endothelial CX3CL1 induced SMC phenotypic switching from the contractile to the proliferative state. Inhibition of CX3CR1 prevented CX3CL1 stimulation of SMC proliferation and monolayer expansion. PMID: 23002075
Fractalkine is expressed in early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions and supports monocyte recruitment via CX3CR1. PMID: 22916279
Fractalkine induced cellular reactive oxygen species production and activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in mesangial cells, stimulating cell proliferation. PMID: 22564616
Lipopolysaccharide induces monocyte-mesangial cell binding through the fractalkine/CX3CR1 system. PMID: 22564617
findings that exogenous fractalkine reduces microglial motility and fails to protect neurons co-cultured with Cx3cr1-/- mixed glia suggest that fractalkine may act by interfering with toxic microglial-neuron interactions PMID: 22093090
Fractalkine promotes myocardial injury and accelerates the progress of heart failure, which is associated with the activation of MAPKs. PMID: 21840883
Structure/function and expression analysis of the CX3C chemokine fractalkine. PMID: 21951685
fractalkine-CX3CR1 axis contributes to kidney fibrosis in a hypertensive mouse model. PMID: 21451526
Syk mediated chemotaxis toward CX3CL1 by regulating both Rac1/WAVE2 and Cdc42/WASP pathways, whereas Src family kinases were required for proper WASP tyrosine phosphorylation. PMID: 21388954
Fractalkine attenuates excito-neurotoxicity via microglial clearance of damaged neurons and antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 expression PMID: 21071446
CX3CR1-expressing macrophages are induced by CX3CL1/fractalkine to express heme oxygenase-1, thereby ameliorating Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. PMID: 21131421
Fractalkine-induced depression of excitatory postsynaptic current is absent in cultures from adenosine A3 receptor-deficient mice but not in tissue from adenosine A1- or A2-receptor-deficient mice. PMID: 20570369
The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interaction inhibits inflammatory properties in Kupffer cells/macrophages and results in decreased liver inflammation and fibrosis. PMID: 20683935

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Subcellular Location

Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.; [Processed fractalkine]: Secreted.

Protein Families

Intercrine delta family

Tissue Specificity

Highest levels in brain. Lower levels in kidney, heart and lung. Also found in skeletal muscle and testis. Highly expressed in lesional smooth muscle cells, but not macrophages.

Database Links

KEGG: mmu:20312

STRING: 10090.ENSMUSP00000034230

UniGene: Mm.103711

Code	CSB-AP001211MO
Abbreviation	Recombinant Mouse Cx3cl1 protein, partial (Active)
MSDS	MSDS Datasheet
Size	$142
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Recombinant Mouse Fractalkine protein (Cx3cl1), partial (Active)

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Target Background

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