Product Details

Purity

Greater than 85% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Target Names

PRF1

Uniprot No.

P14222

Research Area

Immunology

Alternative Names

Cytolysin; FLH2; HPLH2; Lymphocyte pore-forming protein; P1; PERF_HUMAN; perforin 1 (pore forming protein); Perforin 1; Perforin-1; PFP; PGFL; PIGF; PIGF-2; PLGF; Pore forming protein; prf1; SHGC-10760

Species

Homo sapiens (Human)

Source

Baculovirus

Expression Region

22-555aa

Target Protein Sequence

PCHTAARSECKRSHKFVPGAWLAGEGVDVTSLRRSGSFPVDTQRFLRPDGTCTLCENALQEGTLQRLPLALTNWRAQGSGCQRHVTRAKVSSTEAVARDAARSIRNDWKVGLDVTPKPTSNVHVSVAGSHSQAANFAAQKTHQDQYSFSTDTVECRFYSFHVVHTPPLHPDFKRALGDLPHHFNASTQPAYLRLISNYGTHFIRAVELGGRISALTALRTCELALEGLTDNEVEDCLTVEAQVNIGIHGSISAEAKACEEKKKKHKMTASFHQTYRERHSEVVGGHHTSINDLLFGIQAGPEQYSAWVNSLPGSPGLVDYTLEPLHVLLDSQDPRREALRRALSQYLTDRARWRDCSRPCPPGRQKSPRDPCQCVCHGSAVTTQDCCPRQRGLAQLEVTFIQAWGLWGDWFTATDAYVKLFFGGQELRTSTVWDNNNPIWSVRLDFGDVLLATGGPLRLQVWDQDSGRDDDLLGTCDQAPKSGSHEVRCNLNHGHLKFRYHARCLPHLGGGTCLDYVPQMLLGEPPGNRSGAVW
Note: The complete sequence may include tag sequence, target protein sequence, linker sequence and extra sequence that is translated with the protein sequence for the purpose(s) of secretion, stability, solubility, etc.
If the exact amino acid sequence of this recombinant protein is critical to your application, please explicitly request the full and complete sequence of this protein before ordering.

Mol. Weight

103.2 kDa

Protein Length

Full Length of Mature Protein

Tag Info

N-terminal MBP-tagged and C-terminal 6xHis-tagged

Form

Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Note: We will preferentially ship the format that we have in stock, however, if you have any special requirement for the format, please remark your requirement when placing the order, we will prepare according to your demand.

Buffer

If the delivery form is liquid, the default storage buffer is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 5%-50% glycerol.
Note: If you have any special requirement for the glycerol content, please remark when you place the order.
If the delivery form is lyophilized powder, the buffer before lyophilization is Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose.

Reconstitution

We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Please reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL.We recommend to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. Our default final concentration of glycerol is 50%. Customers could use it as reference.

Troubleshooting and FAQs

Protein FAQs

Storage Condition

Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Shelf Life

The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself.
Generally, the shelf life of liquid form is 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. The shelf life of lyophilized form is 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.

Lead Time

3-7 business days

Notes

Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Datasheet & COA

Please contact us to get it.

Description

The Recombinant protein with an MBP-tag at N-terminal and a 6xHis-tag at the C-terminal corresponds to the amino acids 22-555 of Human Perforin-1/PRF1 full-length ORF. This Baculovirus-expressed PRF1 protein got purified by SDS-PAGE and reached up to 85% in purity. On a reducing SDS–PAGE gel, the PRF1 protein migrated to about 105kDa. Customers can get the protein faster because it has stock. The recombinant full-length of mature PRF1 protein may be used for antibody synthesis or in the immunological research related to PRF1.

PRF1 is a Ca2+-dependent glycoprotein mainly expressed by natural killer (NK)cells and CD8-positive T-cells. Polymerization of PRF1 forms channels on the target cell, thus allowing for the passive diffusion of granzymes into the cell. The cellular cytotoxicity mediated by PRF1 is responsible for killing virus-infected and neoplastic cells. Mutations in the PRF1 gene are associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) and various types of lymphomas.

Target Background

Function

Pore-forming protein that plays a key role in secretory granule-dependent cell death, and in defense against virus-infected or neoplastic cells. Plays an important role in killing other cells that are recognized as non-self by the immune system, e.g. in transplant rejection or some forms of autoimmune disease. Can insert into the membrane of target cells in its calcium-bound form, oligomerize and form large pores. Promotes cytolysis and apoptosis of target cells by facilitating the uptake of cytotoxic granzymes.

Gene References into Functions

Perforin binds to membranes and undergoes substantial structural re-arrangement to form pores that enable diffusion of granzyme into the target cell [Review]. PMID: 28757431
findings show that N-linked glycosylation of the perforin C-terminus at Asn549 within the endoplasmic reticulum inhibits oligomerisation of perforin monomers and protects the host cell from premature pore formation; studies reveal a post-translational regulatory mechanism essential for maintaining perforin in an inactive state until its secretion from the inhibitory acidic environment of the secretory granule PMID: 28808112
Study focuses on the role of perforin in both protecting and promoting human disease. It concludes with a novel hypothesis that diversity observed in the PRF1 gene may be an example of selective advantage that protects an individual from perforin-mediated pathology, such as blood-brain barrier disruption. [review] PMID: 28757574
Our studies suggest that although moderate levels of expression can result in partial amelioration of the hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)phenotype, high levels of perforin expression per cell are required for complete correction of HLH. PMID: 27471778
Findings support an association between childhood DNA methylation patterns in PRF1 and a record of severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy. PMID: 28253869
our data provide the first evidence of a strict link between the absence of CD28 and the expression of perforin, which is likewise enhanced by the expression of NKG2D, within selected CD4(+) T cells from cervical cancer patients. PMID: 28087292
A girl with neurological manifestations of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 2 had reduced perforin 1 expression and was found to be homozygous for a mutation in PRF1 at codon 637 in exon 3 (c.673C>T p.Arg225Trp). Her non-consanguineous parents were both heterozygous carriers of this mutation. PMID: 27271812
Mutation in PRF1 gene is associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. PMID: 27781387
Increased TIM3+CD8+T cells with lower perforin and granzyme B expression and higher CD95 expression in MDS patients were observed. PMID: 27846431
ITP patients displayed an increased frequency of rare missense variations of the PRF1 gene PMID: 27391055
The decreased expression of perforin in circulating CD3+CD8+ positive T cells is an important biomarker of damaged antitumor immunity in advanced lung cancer. PMID: 26586704
Letter/Case Report: recurrent episodes of macrophage activation syndrome in peripheral spondyloarthritis with monoallelic missense mutations in PRF1. PMID: 26752080
A new heterozygous mutation (c.916G>A and c.65delC) was identified as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 causing defect. PMID: 26739415
mutations result in severe chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease PMID: 25947952
mutations result in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis PMID: 25975970
PRF delivers granulysin and granzymes into parasite infected cells to kill the parasite. PMID: 26752517
Among SLAMF4+ cells, the T cell fraction positive for perforin and granzyme B was higher in those obtained from healthy donors compared to SLE patients. PMID: 26314831
elevated in the inflammatory lesions of placentas with villitis of unknown etiology PMID: 25725937
monoallelic mutations of PRF1 decrease NK-cell cytotoxicity should be considered in individuals presenting with the manifestations of immune deficiency states that impinge on NK-cell cytotoxicity. PMID: 25776844
Calcific aortic valve disease is characterized by increased expression of granzymes and perforin. PMID: 26897841
linking PRF1 missense mutations to lymphoma susceptibility and highlighting clinical variability within families. PRF1 mutations should, therefore, be considered as a cause of several diseases disparate to HLH. PMID: 26184781
identified among the key genes in circulating monocytes that were altered by exercise PMID: 26207425
PRF1 mutations are associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. PMID: 26450956
There is no association between gene polymorphisms of PRF1 gene and the susceptibility to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis PMID: 26182270
A wide heterogeneity was observed in the nature of perforin gene mutations in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients in India. PMID: 25577959
Synthetic consensus HIV-1 DNA induces potent cellular immune responses and synthesis of granzyme B, perforin in HIV infected individuals. PMID: 25531694
analysis of the differential expression by sex of perforin in relapsed multiple sclerosis in CD4+ regulatory T cells PMID: 22837658
The entire coding region of PRF1 was sequenced in 94 patients and 158 controls; missense variations leading to amino acid substitutions and one nonsense variation resulting in a premature stop codon found, data suggest that PRF1 variations may influence chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy development and course PMID: 25354579
PFN appears to form arc structures on target membranes that serve as minimally disrupting conduits for GzmB translocation. PMID: 25146929
Perforin expression in CD4+ and CD8+ cells is a prognostic biomarker for head and neck cancer patient survival. PMID: 25344268
Defining the interaction of perforin with calcium and the phospholipid membrane. PMID: 24070258
findings suggest that the g.272C>T PRF1 gene single-nucleotide variation in combination with other gene alterations could increase the risk of developing nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, at least in a subgroup of the Spanish population PMID: 24632576
This study shows variety of clinical manifestations of perforin deficiency and although the onset of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is delayed in these patients. PMID: 24390453
our data indicate that the co-expression of perforin and granzyme B genes exhibits anticancer potential PMID: 24696715
miR-150 is a common post-transcriptional regulator for Prf1 in mouse and human NK cells that represses NK cell lytic activity. PMID: 24698324
Synergistic defects of different molecules in the cytotoxic pathway lead to clinical familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. PMID: 24916509
PRF1 is overexpressed in systemic lupus erythematosus CD4+ T cells, but expression is not linked to the typical clinical and serological parameters associated with the disease. PMID: 24238281
These data show that monoallelic germline mutations of PRF1 are frequent in patients with childhood anaplastic large cell lymphoma, suggesting that partially impaired cytotoxic machinery may represent a predisposing factor for it. PMID: 24309606
Exome sequencing identified a biallelic perforin1 mutation (PRF1; p.R225W) previously associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. PMID: 23443029
Data suggest that acidic pH microenvironment of natural killer (NK) cells enhances Cryptococcus-induced perforin degranulation suggesting that perforin degranulation is involved in the greater immunologic cytotoxic activity of NK cells in acidic pH. PMID: 23853583
The increased percentage of CD3(-)CD56(dim) NK cells expressing perforin in patients affected by the progressive forms of MS suggests a possible role of this NK cell subpopulation in the pathogenesis of the disease. PMID: 24157130
Perforin I polymorphism is associated with graft rejection in kidney transplant recipients. PMID: 23528102
Missense mutations of Perforin codon His222 may lead to intrauterine presentation of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis PMID: 23073042
Calculated stability (free energy) changes show that the mutations mainly destabilize the protein structure, interestingly however, A91V polymorphism, leads to a more stable one. PMID: 23592409
The mRNA and protein expression of perforin significantly increases in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells treated with 5-azaC, which is associated with DNA hypomethylation of perforin promoter in T cells. PMID: 17213580
This study defines the final sequence of events controlling cytotoxic lymphocyte immune defense, in which perforin pores assemble on the target cell plasma membrane, ensuring efficient delivery of lethal granzymes. PMID: 23377437
Chlamydia trachomatis-infected tissues have significantly higher numbers of CD3 and CD8 T cells compared to non-infected tissues (p<0.01), and that the majority of CD8+ cells do not express perforin in situ. PMID: 23216954
FCgammaR3A and PRF1 may participate in the pathogenesis and progression of primary biliary cirrhosis. PMID: 23179144
Distinct severity of HLH in both human and murine mutants with complete loss of cytotoxic effector PRF1, RAB27A, and STX11. PMID: 23160464
study identified a common PRF1 haplotype in unrelated families with atypical presentation of Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 in Colombia PMID: 22437823

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Involvement in disease

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 2 (FHL2)

Subcellular Location

Cytolytic granule. Secreted. Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Endosome lumen.

Protein Families

Complement C6/C7/C8/C9 family

Database Links

HGNC: 9360

OMIM: 170280

KEGG: hsa:5551

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000316746

UniGene: Hs.2200

Code	CSB-BP018668HU
Abbreviation	Recombinant Human PRF1 protein
MSDS	MSDS Datasheet
Size	$528
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Image	(Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel.
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Recombinant Human Perforin-1 (PRF1)

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