GREM1 (TST 003 Biosimilar) Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody

1. the GREM1rs1258763 polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of non-syndromic orofacial cleft in the Chinese population. PMID: 29149498
2. High gremlin1 expression is associated with gastric cancer. PMID: 29396725
3. study suggested that GREM1 delivered by MSCs promoted EMT in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo, which is partly through TGF-beta/BMP signaling pathway. PMID: 29953975
4. COX-2, GREM1, and HAS2 are cumulus cell genes that potentially determine oocyte and embryo developmental competence. (Review) PMID: 29537212
5. Results indicate that Gremlin1 could be involved in gastric cancer (GC) progression and may be a good marker of long-term survival in GC. PMID: 29491067
6. We conclude that gremlin promotes RPE cell proliferation, migration and VEGF production possibly via activating VEGFR2-Akt-mTORC2 signaling. Gremlin could be a novel therapeutic target of ROP or other retinal vasoproliferation diseases. PMID: 27894090
7. Platelet derived Gremlin-1 might contribute to the elevated circulating levels of Gremlin-1 in acute coronary syndromes and serve as a thrombo-inflammatory mediator in cardiovascular pathophysiologies. PMID: 27929199
8. gremlin protects skin cells from UV damages via activating VEGFR2-Nrf2 signaling PMID: 27713170
9. Gene duplication upstream of GREM1 was screened for in all sixty-five SPS individuals with no carriers being identified. PMID: 23805267
10. Nox1-SHH-Grem1 signaling axis in pulmonary vascular endothelium that is likely to contribute to Pulmonary hypertension. PMID: 28522681
11. GREM1 plays an important role in the development of glioma, and it may serve as a potential target in glioma therapy. PMID: 27862197
12. Describe a hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome in which is characterized by SCG5-GREM1 duplication. PMID: 27984123
13. GREM1 is frequently expressed by myofibroblasts in scars or in the stroma of basal cell carcinomas, suggesting that GREM1 expression can be a marker for activated myofibroblasts in the cancer stroma or in scar tissue. PMID: 28346486
14. Clinical features of hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome caused by GREM1 gene duplication include extracolonic tumors, onset of polyps in adolescence, and rapid progression of some polyps to advanced adenomas. PMID: 28242209
15. In human Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis patient samples the study established a strong negative correlation in the mRNA expression levels of gremlin-1 and CXCL10. The results suggest that in addition to regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk during tissue injury, gremlin-1 modulates inflammatory cell recruitment and anti-fibrotic chemokine production in the lung. PMID: 27428020
16. Gremlin1 protein expression in colorectal cancer associates with low tumour stage and extended survival independently of tumour stage, suggesting that it represents a relevant prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer PMID: 27257976
17. The results suggest that inhibition of BMP-2 by Gremlin-1 occurs by a mechanism that is distinct from other known inhibitors such as Noggin and Chordin and study propose a novel model of BMP-2-Gremlin-1 interaction yet not seen among any BMP antagonists, and cannot rule out that several different oligomeric states could be found, depending on the concentration of the two proteins. PMID: 27036124
18. Gremlin1 inhibited the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the suppression of gremlin1 expression can increase the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs induced by BMP-2. PMID: 28260028
19. overexpression of GREM1 in mesenchymal stem cells have greater therapeutic effects against ischemia. PMID: 27579673
20. Colorectal neoplasms are frequently accompanied by GERM1-expressing fibroblasts, which are closely associated with low lymphovascular invasion and a better prognosis. PMID: 28041973
21. Diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome show increased levels of Gremlin-1 and MIF, leading to unfavorable Gremlin-1/MIF ratios. However, DM2 alone is not associated with low Gremlin-1/MIF ratios. PMID: 27101443
22. The critical element of the Gremlin-1 molecule for regulating MIF-induced chemotactic activity lies at the C-terminal region. A single amino acid exchange of an arginine to an alanine residue is sufficient to abolish the antagonistic effect of Gremlin-1 on MIF. The Gremlin-1 mutant R172A failed to reduce MIF-induced monocyte differentiation into macrophages. PMID: 26872252
23. Study identified a high penetrant duplication in the regulatory region of GREM1, predisposing to colorectal cancer (CRC) in a family with attenuated/ atypical polyposis. A POLE variant was also identified in a patient with early onset CRC. PMID: 26493165
24. Results found that high mRNA expression level of Gremlin 1 was an independent poor prognostic factor for cervical neoplasm. it is suggested that Gremlin 1 may have a role in clinical recurrence and maintaining cancer stem cell-like properties. PMID: 26530461
25. our data suggest that the closely located GREM1 gene contributes to a rare clinical Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts entity PMID: 26968009
26. results might suggest that variants influencing GREM1 expression levels, rather than variants affecting the function of the encoded protein, are significant factors in NSCL/P etiology. PMID: 26043427
27. Gremlin is a key pro-fibrogenic factor in chronic pancreatitis PMID: 26141517
28. Gremlin1 and chronic pancreatitis: a new clinical target and biomarker PMID: 26311241
29. Data suggest that the hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome (HMPS) 40 kb duplication upstream of the gremlin 1 protein (GREM1) gene is present at low rates in Jewish Ashkenazi individuals of a familial predisposition to colorectal cancer (CRC). PMID: 25992589
30. Gremlin-1 plasma levels of Loeys-Dietz syndrome patients were significantly elevated compared to healthy control subjects. PMID: 25116393
31. transgenic mice overexpressing Gremlin in renal tubules develop greater glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury in response to diabetic-mediated damage PMID: 26155842
32. Results demonstrated that miR-27b targets Gremlin 1, and that this regulation likely represents an important control point in fi brotic pathways. PMID: 24633904
33. Gremlin/VEGFR2 axis participates in renal inflammation and could be a novel target for kidney disease. PMID: 25810250
34. macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its inhibitor Gremlin-1 have roles in coronary artery disease PMID: 25463068
35. These results also suggest that Gremlin1 (and possibly its mimetics that may be developed for therapeutic use) may not adversely affect normal human hematopoietic stem cell survival, though they may reduce their myelopoietic potential PMID: 25130431
36. GREM1 induces fibrosis and angiogenesis in mouse peritoneum and is associated with increased solute transport in peritoneal dialysis patients. PMID: 25194662
37. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs16969681 influences colorectal cancer risk through effects on Wnt-driven GREM1 expression in colorectal tumors. PMID: 25131200
38. Gremlin1 preferentially binds to BMP-2 and BMP-4 over BMP-7. PMID: 25378054
39. the in vivo role of gremlin in kidney pathophysiology PMID: 25036148
40. we show that epithelial expression of GREM1 also occurs in traditional serrated adenomas, sporadic premalignant lesions with a hitherto unknown pathogenesis, and these lesions can be considered the sporadic equivalents of HMPS polyps. PMID: 25419707
41. Gremlin could participate in renal fibrosis by inducing EMT in tubular epithelial cells through activation of Smad pathway and induction of TGF-b PMID: 24949470
42. The results support the hypothesis that GREM1 at chromosome 15q13 is the causal gene for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. PMID: 24706492
43. our findings suggest that CRAC1 is unlikely to be implicated in the development of colorectal cancer in general or, if involved, it is through small somatic mutations or other loss of function mechanisms rather than allele loss. PMID: 12885466
44. Study mapped a high-penetrance gene (CRAC1; also known as HMPS) associated with colorectal cancer in the Ashkenazi population to a 0.6-Mb region on chromosome 15. PMID: 18084292
45. None of the single nucleotide polymorphisms studied in SMAD7, GREM1 or CRAC1 were associated with breast cancer risk in our study PMID: 19505925
46. TGF-beta2, CTGF and gremlin are all involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix synthesis via activation of Smad signaling pathway in lens epithelial cells. PMID: 24755068
47. establishes CSC-derived Gremlin1 as a driving force in maintaining glioblastoma tumor proliferation and glioblastoma hierarchies through the modulation of endogenous prodifferentiation signals PMID: 24788093
48. Gremlin-1 correlates with degree of myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction and is an independent predictor of adverse outcome in patients with nonischemic heart failure. PMID: 24125106
49. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans signaling drives a STAT3-dependent pathway that leads to hyperactive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling promoting SMAD3 activation and fibrosis via Gremlin protein. PMID: 24550394
50. Enrichment map profiling of the cancer invasion front suggests regulation of colorectal cancer progression by the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, gremlin-1. PMID: 23659962

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HGNC: 2001

OMIM: 601228

KEGG: hsa:26585

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000300177

UniGene: Hs.40098