Recombinant Human Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog (RAD21)

1. evidence for a possible pathogenetic role of RAD21 promoter methylation in the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PMID: 29587287
2. With tissue microarrays of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, we determined the prognostic values of the core genes in the network and found that RAD21, CDK1, and HDAC2 expression levels were negatively associated with overall survival for HCC patients. PMID: 28434945
3. This study together with previous reports suggests incomplete penetrance associated with RAD21 variants and these individuals may therefore be underdiagnosed. PMID: 27882533
4. Data indicate that RAD21 plays an important role in cellular senescence breast cancer cells, mainly through RB1 pathway activation via c-Myc downregulation. PMID: 26529363
5. Reduced RAD21 destabilizes high-level gene amplification by disrupting pre-replication complex bindings in human cancers with chromosomal instability. PMID: 26420833
6. found well-positioned CTCF and RAD21 peaks approximately 60-80 bp upstream of the TSS in the unidirectional genes. The peak heights were related to the amount of antisense transcription. Results provide insights into the distribution of histone modifications at promoters and suggest a novel role of CTCF and cohesin as regulators of transcriptional direction. PMID: 25881024
7. Studied the role of looping in large-scale (supra Mb) folding of human chromosomes by knocking down the gene that codes for CTCF and the one coding for Rad21, an essential subunit of cohesin. PMID: 25299688
8. Elevated RAD21 expression tracks with reactivation of L1 expression in human sporadic colorectal cancer. PMID: 25464844
9. Some patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction carry mutations in RAD21 that disrupt the ability of its product to regulate genes such as RUNX1 and APOB. PMID: 25575569
10. CTCF and Rad21 act as host cell restriction factors for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication by modulating viral gene transcription. PMID: 24415941
11. cohesin's proposed DNA exit gate is formed by interactions between Scc1 and the coiled-coil region of Smc3. PMID: 25414306
12. Cross-sectional deep-sequencing analysis for clonal hierarchy demonstrated STAG2, SMC3, and RAD21 mutations to be ancestral in 18%, 18%, and 47% of cases, respectively, and each expanded to clonal dominance concordant with disease transformation PMID: 25006131
13. RAD21 expression in CRC is associated with aggressive disease especially in KRAS mutant tumours and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. PMID: 24548858
14. This study reports the first intragenic deletion and frameshift mutations identified in RAD21 in two patients presenting with atypical Cornelia de Lange syndrome. PMID: 24378232
15. -RAD21 and EIF3H, both on chromosome 8q23, CHRAC1 on chromosome 8q24.3 and TANC2 on chromosome 17q23-were confirmed to be driver genes regulating the proliferation/survival of clonogenic breast cancer cells PMID: 24148822
16. RAD21 expression confers poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in high grade luminal, basal and HER2 breast cancers. PMID: 21255398
17. Rad21 binds to SA proteins through two SA-binding motifs on Rad21. PMID: 23874961
18. ASURA specifically binds to chromatin when Scc1 is associated with chromatin. PMID: 23548868
19. RAD21 expression is associated with a poorer prognosis in BRCA2, but not in BRCA1 breast cancers. PMID: 22537934
20. show that the Smc5/6 subunit Mms21 sumoylates multiple lysines of the cohesin subunit Scc1 PMID: 22751501
21. RAD21 mutations cause a human cohesinopathy PMID: 22633399
22. Rad21 cleavage by calpain-1 promotes separation of chromosome arms, which coincides with a calcium-induced partial loss of cohesin at several chromosomal loci. PMID: 21876002
23. hRAD21 was significantly differently expressed in cells maintaining telomere length through a telomerase-independent mechanism, termed the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). PMID: 20364118
24. Rad21 protein depletion causes centrosome defects in interphase and prophase of mitosis. PMID: 20404533
25. Rad21 protein are cleaved by separase are required for the localization of Rad21 to the centrosome. PMID: 20404544
26. As compared to the telomerase group, the alternative lengthening of telomeres group presents higher expression of hRad21, thinner tumor invasion depth, and higher survival rate. PMID: 18197499
27. Caspase proteolysis of the cohesin component RAD21 promotes apoptosis PMID: 11875078
28. RAD21 subunit of the cohesin complex directly interacts with ATPase subunit SNF2; mapping of RAD21, SNF2 and Mi2 binding sites reveals specific association of these three proteins with DNA elements containing Alu sequences PMID: 12198550
29. Scc1 is essential for the association of kinetochores with microtubules. PMID: 12200439
30. plays a role in apoptosis, and its cleavage during apoptosis may act as a nuclear signal to initiate cytoplasmic events involved in the apoptotic pathway PMID: 12417729
31. RAD21 shows increased expression in clinical prostate carcinomas and is also amplified in 30-40% of xenografts and hormone-refractory tumors. PMID: 14603436
32. Phosphorylation of SA2 is essential for cohesin dissociation during prophase and prometaphase, but is not required for cohesin cleavage by separase. PMID: 15737063
33. RAD21 suppression enhances the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents acting via induction of DNA damage PMID: 15767545
34. The RAD21 gene was closely related to the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. PMID: 16416296
35. These data argue that the regulation of the IL-3 and the GM-CSF promoters depends on the positions of their enhancers relative to the conserved CTCF/cohesin-binding sites. PMID: 19158269
36. The depletion of either CTCF or RAD21 disrupts the chromatin loop structure, together with significant changes in the APO expression. PMID: 19322193
37. Ectopic expression of Rad21 repressed CTCF-regulated transcription of KSHV lytic genes. PMID: 19369356

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HGNC: 9811

OMIM: 606462

KEGG: hsa:5885

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000297338

UniGene: Hs.81848