Recombinant Human Glutaredoxin-1 (GLRX)

1. Glutaredoxin-1 silencing induces cell senescence via p53/p21/p16 signaling axis. PMID: 29356545
2. Overexpression of NOS3 increased the levels and activities of proteins of the redoxin systems, Trx1, Grx1, TrxR1 and TxnIP, and the levels of signaling proteins (Akt1, pAkt1(-)Ser473, MapK, pMapK, Stat3, Fas). PMID: 28162284
3. Based on the roGFP2-hGrx1 signals, glutathione-dependent redox potentials of -267mV and -328mV, respectively, were obtained. Employing these novel tools, initial studies on the effects of redox-active agents and clinically employed antimalarial drugs were carried out on both organelles. PMID: 28062360
4. Reduction potentials of protein disulfides and catalysis of glutathionylation and deglutathionylation by glutaredoxin enzymes PMID: 28963348
5. GRX1 overexpression constrains oxidative stress and apoptosis in osteoarthritis chondrocytes by regulating CREB/HO-1, providing a novel insight into the molecular mechanism and potential treatment of osteoarthritis. PMID: 28843170
6. Our results indicate that Grx1 upregulation promotes neuroinflammation and consequent neuronal cell death in vitro, and synergizes with proinflammatory insults to promote DA loss in vivo. PMID: 27224303
7. Glutaredoxin desensitizes lens to oxidative stress by connecting and integrating specific signaling and transcriptional regulation for antioxidant response. PMID: 27744453
8. Glrx ablation stabilizes HIF-1alpha by increasing GSH adducts on Cys(520) promoting in vivo HIF-1alpha stabilization, VEGF-A production, and revascularization in the ischemic muscles. PMID: 27162359
9. The results demonstrate that the antiproliferative effect of NO is hampered by Trx1 and Grx1 and support the strategy of weakening the thiolic antioxidant defenses when designing new antitumoral therapies. PMID: 26210445
10. Prx2 glutathionylation is a favorable reaction that can occur in cells under oxidative stress and may have a role in redox signaling. GSH/Grx1 provide an alternative mechanism to thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase for Prx2 recycling. PMID: 26601956
11. Glutaredoxin 1 protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative damage by preventing AKT glutathionylation. PMID: 25788646
12. A new function for GRX1 in neuronal copper homeostasis and in protection from copper-mediated oxidative injury. PMID: 24816595
13. Human Grx1 can catalyse reduction of Atox1 by glutathione but only in the presence of Cu(I). PMID: 24522867
14. Levels of GLRX in the cerebrospinal fluid increase significantly in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 24270206
15. Thioredoxin 1 is inactivated due to oxidation induced by peroxiredoxin under oxidative stress and reactivated by the glutaredoxin system. PMID: 24062305
16. sputum glutaredoxin-1 may have a role in asthma, while protein S may have a role in better lung function PMID: 23370801
17. Studies show that the glutaredoxin system with glutathione plays a backup role to keep oxidized thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) reduced in cells with loss of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) activity. PMID: 22977247
18. Data show that glutaredoxin acts as a reductant for methionine sulfoxide reductases A and B (MsrA and MsrB) with or without resolving cysteine. PMID: 22634633
19. These results showed that cigarette smoke can modulate glutaredoxin 1, not only at the expression level, but can also directly modify glutaredoxin 1 itself, decreasing its activity. PMID: 21454804
20. Microsecond-millisecond motions in glutaredoxin result from substrate binding and not from crossing of the transition state energy barrier of product formation. Instead substrate binding induces a conformational change. PMID: 21323311
21. findings reveal another signalling molecule affected by S-glutathionylation and uncover a crucial role for GRX-1 in the TRAF6-dependent activation of NF-kappaB by IL-1R/TLRs. PMID: 21078302
22. Role of glutaredoxin1 and glutathione in regulating the activity of the copper-transporting P-type ATPases, ATP7A and ATP7B. PMID: 20566629
23. Glutaredoxin-dependent peroxiredoxin from poplar: protein-protein interaction and catalytic mechanism PMID: 11832487
24. Results suggest that glutaredoxin plays an important role during implantation, while Trx levels remained constant during the secretory phase. PMID: 12029072
25. role of GRX in oxidative stress-induced signaling and cytotoxicity in glucose-deprived human cancer cells PMID: 12244106
26. facilitates GS-radical scavenging and S-glutathionylation of redox signal mediators, consistent with a critical role in redox signal transduction and cellular regulation PMID: 12556467
27. role in metabolic oxidative stress-induced activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 PMID: 12723971
28. secretion of Grx1 and its presence in plasma suggests extracellular functions as found for mammalian thioredoxin 1 PMID: 15184054
29. Lung cells can synthesize Grx1 mRNA and protein. Grx1 is expressed in alveolar macrophages of healthy lung. PMID: 15297967
30. Grx1(as) cDNA is an alternatively spliced human Grx1 cDNA and the Grx1(as) 3'-untranslated region may have a role in stabilizing mRNA PMID: 15637068
31. Abeta neurotoxicity might be mediated by oxidation of GRX1 or TRX1 and subsequent activation of the ASK1 cascade. PMID: 16311508
32. We propose that GRX1 is essential for ATPase function and catalyses either the reduction of intramolecular disulphide bonds or the deglutathionylation of the cysteine residues within the CxxC motifs to facilitate copper-binding for subsequent transport. PMID: 16884690
33. GRX plays an important role in PDGF-BB-dependent cell proliferation by regulating the redox state of LMW-PTP PMID: 16893901
34. Grx1 is a potential redox modulatory protein regulating the intracellular as well as extracellular homeostasis of glutathionylated proteins and GSH in human lung. PMID: 17064412
35. A novel mechanism of caspase-3 regulation by glutaredoxin is demonstrated in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. PMID: 17185628
36. In this review, reversible glutathiolation of procaspase-3 by glutaredoxin provides further mechanistic insight into the role of reactive oxygen species in TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. PMID: 17272816
37. Deglutathionylation of IRF3 is necessary for efficient interaction of IRF3 with CREBBP. PMID: 18309294
38. downregulation of Grx1 leads to mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative modification of the outer membrane protein, VDAC, providing support for the critical role of Grx1 in maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential PMID: 18560520
39. NO increased the S-glutathiolation of SERCA, and adenoviral overexpression of glutaredoxin-1 prevented both the HNO-stimulated oxidative modification of SERCA and its activation. PMID: 19265039

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HGNC: 4330

OMIM: 600443

KEGG: hsa:2745

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000237858

UniGene: Hs.28988