Product Details

Uniprot No.

Target Names

Alternative Names

Protein S100-A9 (Calgranulin-B) (Calprotectin L1H subunit) (Leukocyte L1 complex heavy chain) (Migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14) (MRP-14) (p14) (S100 calcium-binding protein A9), S100A9, CAGB CFAG MRP14

Species Reactivity

Human

Immunogen

A synthesized peptide derived from human S100A9

Immunogen Species

Homo sapiens (Human)

Conjugate

Non-conjugated

Clonality

Monoclonal

Isotype

Rabbit IgG

Clone No.

2E9

Purification Method

Affinity-chromatography

Concentration

It differs from different batches. Please contact us to confirm it.

Buffer

Rabbit IgG in 10mM phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM sodium chloride, 0.05% BSA, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol.

Form

Liquid

Tested Applications

ELISA, IHC

Recommended Dilution

Application	Recommended Dilution
IHC	1:50-1:200

Protocols

ELISA Protocol
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Protocol

Troubleshooting and FAQs

Antibody FAQs

Storage

Upon receipt, store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze.

Lead Time

Basically, we can dispatch the products out in 1-3 working days after receiving your orders. Delivery time maybe differs from different purchasing way or location, please kindly consult your local distributors for specific delivery time.

Description

S100A9, also known as calgranulin-B or MRP-14, plays a central role in inflammatory responses and innate immunity as part of the calprotectin complex. This calcium-binding protein is predominantly expressed in neutrophils and monocytes, where it participates in cytoskeletal rearrangement and arachidonic acid metabolism. Beyond its immunological functions, S100A9 has emerged as a significant biomarker in cancer research, with elevated expression observed across multiple tumor types where it influences the inflammatory microenvironment and may contribute to disease progression.

This recombinant monoclonal antibody, clone 2E9, offers the consistency and reliability that demanding research applications require. Produced using recombinant technology with a defined sequence, it eliminates the lot-to-lot variability that can compromise longitudinal studies or multi-site collaborations. The rabbit host and monoclonal nature ensure high specificity for human S100A9, generated against a synthetic peptide immunogen and purified through affinity chromatography for optimal performance.

Validation in immunohistochemistry demonstrates clear detection in paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue, with recommended dilutions ranging from 1:50 to 1:200 providing flexibility to optimize staining intensity for your specific tissue preparations. The antibody has also been validated for ELISA applications, supporting quantitative analysis of S100A9 levels in your experimental systems.

Whether investigating inflammatory signaling cascades, characterizing immune cell infiltration in tumor specimens, or exploring S100A9 as a potential biomarker, this antibody provides a dependable tool for researchers working at the intersection of immunology, cancer biology, and signal transduction.

Usage

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

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Target Background

Function

S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. Has transnitrosylase activity; in oxidatively-modified low-densitity lipoprotein (LDL(ox))-induced S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' proposed to transfer the NO moiety from NOS2/iNOS to GAPDH via its own S-nitrosylated Cys-3. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex is proposed to also direct selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif.

Gene References into Functions

Acute exercise in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis induced slightly musculoskeletal leg pain and transient increased plasma calprotectin levels but not IL-6 levels PMID: 30008613
neither the inflammatory biomarker calprotectin, nor the tubular biomarkers NGAL and KIM-1, provide robust prognostic information on the loss of renal function in a heterogeneous CKD population. All of them, however, are candidate prognostic biomarkers in primarily inflammatory renal diseases. PMID: 30078006
Serum levels of MRP8/MRP14 and MRP6 were up-regulated in patients with Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). In addition, mRNA expression of MRP proteins in PBMCs and the thyroid gland was markedly elevated in these patients. PMID: 29656212
High MRP14 expression is associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis PMID: 29530998
upper limits for normal calprotectin values for neonatal, 6, 12 and 24 months old children, were determined. PMID: 29283308
plasma calprotectin was investigated as a disease marker in patients with chronic RA treated with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy and compared plasma calprotectin with C-reactive protein. PMID: 29228799
Calprotectin measured in plasma showed the strongest associations with assessments of disease activity, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-plasma should preferably be used when evaluating disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. PMID: 29278951
RAS is a very common inflammatory ulcerative condition of the oral cavity and its etiology is uncertain. Regarded as an inflammatory mechanism, releasing a high level of calprotectin in saliva has been suggested that it may play a role in pathogenesis of RAS. PMID: 29519972
Pro-inflammatory proteins S100A9 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha suppress erythropoietin elaboration in myelodysplastic syndromes PMID: 28983059
An immunohistochemical investigation revealed that patients with both UC and CD had higher neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage calprotectin-positive cell expression levels, compared with those in the normal controls. Fecal calprotectin was considered a reliable marker for disease activity, and the assessment of fecal calprotectin via POCT showed potential as a rapid and simple measurement in clinical settings. PMID: 29115397
To examine the efficacy of faecal calprotectin (FC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as predictors of small bowel capsule endoscopy SBCE findings in suspected and known Crohn's disease. PMID: 29466790
S100A9, mainly produced by myeloid cells in the BM, is involved in the pathogenesis of MM. S100A9 attracted MM cells to the BM where it provided a survival niche by inducing the growth factors IL6 and IL10, as well as promoting angiogenesis. PMID: 28903971
Study identified S100A9 protein to be up-regulated protein in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and demonstrated its potentiality as a candidate for HCC diagnosis. PMID: 27216119
In pediatric inflammatory bowel disease treatment groups, a significant inverse association was found between the quality of life and the levels of fecal calprotectin. PMID: 28169974
Fecal calprotectin (FC) was elevated in two-thirds of stool specimens of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Increased FC was more common in patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Whether increased FC reflects intestinal inflammation in patients with CF remains to be determined. PMID: 28207476
Authors found that downregulation of S100A9 significantly reduced the expression of NF-kappaB, phosphorylation of NF-kappaB and Bcl-2, as well as the expression of MMP7 and MMP2. Restoration of NF-kappaB expression sufficiently reversed the inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and invasion induced by S100A9 downregulation in vitro and in vivo. PMID: 28276321
Urinary NGAL is a good predictor of mortality in established pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) of heterogeneous etiology and outperforms calprotectin and KIM-1. Urinary calprotectin and KIM-1 predict renal replacement therapy requirement in pediatric AKI. PMID: 28409285
Identify proteins that interact with calgranulin B to suppress the proliferation of colon cancer cells. PMID: 28036279
This study demonstrated that S100A9 was detected in the serums of Alzheimer disease patients PMID: 27911324
Expression levels of S100A9 and Tenascin-C were correlated with TNM stages and metastasis in colorectal cancer. PMID: 27191989
In Guatemalan preschoolers, the median fecal calprotectin value was 58 mg/kg, with a mean of 98 +/- 136 mg/kg and a range from 10 to 950 mg/kg; 61% of values were above the manufacturer's cut-off for elevated concentration and 51% exceeded an age-adjusted criterion. The central tendency (mean or median) and distribution were generally shifted to the right in relation to comparable reports from children across the world. PMID: 27101538
Low S100A9 expression is associated with head and neck neoplasms. PMID: 26883112
Calprotectin had the highest association with ultrasound synovitis and predicted treatment response. It may thus be considered as a marker for evaluating inflammation and responsiveness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment. PMID: 28081709
Data support a role of S100A9 to initiate and amplify the neutrophilic inflammation in asthma, possibly via inducing IL-1beta, IL-17 and IFN-gamma. PMID: 28847516
The median faecal calprotectin level was similar in cases with abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorders (7.8 mug/g, 95% CI: 7.8-8.4) including those with gastritis, and controls (9.1 mug/g, 95% CI: 7.8-11.3). Faecal calprotectin is not a predictor of gastritis and is similar in children with functional abdominal pain symptoms and in controls. PMID: 26913755
S100A9 induces anti-apoptotic effect on normal and allergic neutrophils by increasing cytokine secretion of monocytes PMID: 27459393
S100A9, a protein previously described to be involved in modulation of inflammatory response, was found to interact with schistosoma MEG-14. PMID: 27639541
High calprotectin activity could be demonstrated within the lumen of vermiform appendix specimens following appendectomy for acute appendicitis. PMID: 27118309
observations indicate a novel way in which S100A9 may contribute to the pathogenesis of gout, by priming neutrophils to respond to MSUs. PMID: 28550118
S100A9 was an ATRA-responsive gene, and PML/RARalpha was necessary for the ATRA-induced expression of S100A9 in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells. PML/RARalpha and PU.1 were necessary for the ATRA-induced expression of S100A9 in APL cells. Furthermore, S100A9 promoted apoptosis in APL cells and affected cell growth. PMID: 28063140
Salivary S100A9 is a biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Hungarian population. PMID: 28545132
High S100A9 expression is associated with glioblastoma. PMID: 27006175
Faecal calprotectin and CRP are predictive of symptomatic relapse and may be valuable in management of paediatric IBD in clinical remission PMID: 28138990
These results suggest a preponderant role for the protein S100-A9 as an activator of the NF-kappa B pathway during Chronic lymphocytic leukemia progression and suggest that the leukemic clone can generate an autoactivation loop through S100-A9 expression, NF-kappa B activation, and exosome secretion. PMID: 28596424
Fecal calprotectin levels were increased in pediatric subjects who showed signs of severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Increased serum calprotectin levels were associated with increased disease severity in 48 adults with CDI PMID: 27668938
High S100A9 expression is associated with lung metastasis in malignant melanoma. PMID: 27151304
A significant positive correlation was found between the serum calprotectin and insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome patients. PMID: 27217417
these results indicate that CD14 is a co-receptor of TLR4 in the S100A9-induced cytokine response. PMID: 27228163
Our data reveals that there is no significant correlation between serum calprotectin and Faecal calprotectin , nor between serum calprotectin and CRP in a large unselected cohort of GI patients. PMID: 28093196
The present study demonstrates the potential of calprotectin to distinguish Rheumatoid Arthritis patients in both clinical and ultrasound-defined remission from patients in clinical remission but with residual subclinical disease activity. PMID: 27832086
S100A9 and S100A12 may have a role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia: S100A9 and CXCL1 may contribute solely in mild pneumonia, and CCL5 and CXCL11 may contribute in severe pneumonia. PMID: 28381820
patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome have a higher prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis, which is associated with higher serum calprotectin level independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. PMID: 27749218
Serum calprotectin was significantly increased in inflammatory bowel disease compared with controls. PMID: 27596694
Urinary calprotectin is a promising biomarker for the differentiation of prerenal and intrinsic acute renal allograft failure. PMID: 26901081
Faecal biomarkers lactoferrin, calprotectin, and PMN-elastase were able to distinguish between ulcerative colitis patients with mucosal healing from clinical remission and mild disease, showed significant correlations with endoscopy, and were predictive of a flare. PMID: 26874351
Blocking the interaction between S100A9 and RAGE V domain is a novel route to drug development against cell proliferation. PMID: 27524699
The minor allele (T) of the S100A9 variant rs3014866 is associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk in 3 populations of different ancestries. PMID: 27440084
fecal calprotectin can be used in management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease PMID: 27688663
this paper shows that human gammadelta T cell-antigen-presenting cells stimulate CD4+ T cell responses distinct from those induced by myeloid antigen-presenting cells to promote local barrier defense via mucosal release of IL-22 and calprotectin PMID: 28330898
The calprotectin levels in patients with atrial fibrillation were significantly higher than in healthy blood donors and were further increased after cardioversion. PMID: 28276729

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Subcellular Location

Secreted. Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cell membrane; Peripheral membrane protein.

Protein Families

S-100 family

Tissue Specificity

Calprotectin (S100A8/9) is predominantly expressed in myeloid cells. Except for inflammatory conditions, the expression is restricted to a specific stage of myeloid differentiation since both proteins are expressed in circulating neutrophils and monocytes

Database Links

HGNC: 10499

OMIM: 123886

KEGG: hsa:6280

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000357727

UniGene: Hs.112405

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Code	CSB-RA958800A0HU
Size	US$210
	Order now
Image	IHC image of CSB-RA958800A0HU diluted at 1:100 and staining in paraffin-embedded human breast cancer performed on a Leica BondTM system. After dewaxing and hydration, antigen retrieval was mediated by high pressure in a citrate buffer (pH 6.0). Section was blocked with 10% normal goat serum 30min at RT. Then primary antibody (1% BSA) was incubated at 4℃ overnight. The primary is detected by a Goat anti-rabbit IgG polymer labeled by HRP and visualized using 0.05% DAB.
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S100A9 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody

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