Product Details

Uniprot No.

Target Names

Alternative Names

Midkine (MK) (Amphiregulin-associated protein) (ARAP) (Midgestation and kidney protein) (Neurite outgrowth-promoting factor 2) (Neurite outgrowth-promoting protein), MDK, MK1 NEGF2

Species Reactivity

Human

Immunogen

A synthesized peptide derived from human Midkine

Immunogen Species

Homo sapiens (Human)

Conjugate

Non-conjugated

Clonality

Monoclonal

Isotype

Rabbit IgG

Clone No.

2G3

Purification Method

Affinity-chromatography

Concentration

It differs from different batches. Please contact us to confirm it.

Buffer

Rabbit IgG in 10mM phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM sodium chloride, 0.05% BSA, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol.

Form

Liquid

Tested Applications

ELISA, IHC

Recommended Dilution

Application	Recommended Dilution
IHC	1:50-1:200

Protocols

ELISA Protocol
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Protocol

Troubleshooting and FAQs

Antibody FAQs

Storage

Upon receipt, store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze.

Lead Time

Basically, we can dispatch the products out in 1-3 working days after receiving your orders. Delivery time maybe differs from different purchasing way or location, please kindly consult your local distributors for specific delivery time.

Description

Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor that plays essential roles in neural development, tissue repair, and inflammatory responses. Originally identified for its expression during mid-gestation, this secreted protein promotes neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival, making it a significant target in neuroscience research. Beyond its developmental functions, midkine has garnered considerable attention for its elevated expression in various malignancies, where it contributes to tumor progression, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance.

This recombinant monoclonal antibody, clone 2G3, offers the reproducibility and consistency that demanding research protocols require. Because recombinant antibodies are produced from defined genetic sequences rather than traditional hybridoma methods, researchers benefit from lot-to-lot uniformity that supports reliable data across extended studies and multi-site collaborations. The rabbit host origin provides high affinity binding characteristics, while affinity chromatography purification ensures minimal background interference in sensitive detection systems.

Validation in immunohistochemistry demonstrates effective performance in paraffin-embedded human tissue sections. Testing on human pancreatic cancer tissue using a citrate buffer antigen retrieval protocol at pH 6.0 showed specific staining at 1:100 dilution, with recommended working concentrations ranging from 1:50 to 1:200 depending on tissue type and detection system sensitivity. The antibody is also validated for ELISA applications, providing flexibility for researchers working across different experimental platforms.

For investigators studying midkine's contributions to neural development, cancer biology, or inflammatory processes, this antibody delivers the specificity and batch consistency needed for quantitative immunohistochemical analysis and protein detection assays in human samples.

Usage

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

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Target Background

Function

Secreted protein that functions as cytokine and growth factor and mediates its signal through cell-surface proteoglycan and non-proteoglycan receptors. Binds cell-surface proteoglycan receptors via their chondroitin sulfate (CS) groups. Thereby regulates many processes like inflammatory response, cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell growth, cell survival, tissue regeneration, cell differentiation and cell migration. Participates in inflammatory processes by exerting two different activities. Firstly, mediates neutrophils and macrophages recruitment to the sites of inflammation both by direct action by cooperating namely with ITGB2 via LRP1 and by inducing chemokine expression. This inflammation can be accompanied by epithelial cell survival and smooth muscle cell migration after renal and vessel damage, respectively. Secondly, suppresses the development of tolerogenic dendric cells thereby inhibiting the differentiation of regulatory T cells and also promote T cell expansion through NFAT signaling and Th1 cell differentiation. Promotes tissue regeneration after injury or trauma. After heart damage negatively regulates the recruitment of inflammatory cells and mediates cell survival through activation of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways via MAPKs and AKT pathways through the activation of angiogenesis. Also facilitates liver regeneration as well as bone repair by recruiting macrophage at trauma site and by promoting cartilage development by facilitating chondrocyte differentiation. Plays a role in brain by promoting neural precursor cells survival and growth through interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Binds PTPRZ1 and promotes neuronal migration and embryonic neurons survival. Binds SDC3 or GPC2 and mediates neurite outgrowth and cell adhesion. Binds chondroitin sulfate E and heparin leading to inhibition of neuronal cell adhesion induced by binding with GPC2. Binds CSPG5 and promotes elongation of oligodendroglial precursor-like cells. Also binds ITGA6:ITGB1 complex; this interaction mediates MDK-induced neurite outgrowth. Binds LRP1; promotes neuronal survival. Binds ITGA4:ITGB1 complex; this interaction mediates MDK-induced osteoblast cells migration through PXN phosphorylation. Binds anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) which induces ALK activation and subsequent phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS1), followed by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3-kinase, and the induction of cell proliferation. Promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition through interaction with NOTCH2. During arteriogenesis, plays a role in vascular endothelial cell proliferation by inducing VEGFA expression and release which in turn induces nitric oxide synthase expression. Moreover activates vasodilation through nitric oxide synthase activation. Negatively regulates bone formation in response to mechanical load by inhibiting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in osteoblasts. In addition plays a role in hippocampal development, working memory, auditory response, early fetal adrenal gland development and the female reproductive system.

Gene References into Functions

Studied levels of mucin 16 (CA125), adenosine deaminase and midkine as tumor markers in nonsmall cell lung cancer-associated malignant pleural effusion. PMID: 29797475
we show that MK can potentially be used as a surrogate biomarker for predicting DTC metastases when Tg is not suitable due to TgAb positivity. PMID: 28240744
Midkine expression is not significantly linked to metastatic disease in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PMID: 29355490
High midkine expression is associated with invasion and metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PMID: 29936723
This study has demonstrated an important association between increased serum MK (midkine)levels and risk factors of atherosclerosis such as HT(Hypertension),increased total and LDL cholesterol. PMID: 29984722
Midkine can be considered as both a differentiating factor and a molecular-targeted therapy in odontogenic lesions PMID: 29383694
Positive expression of MK predicts poor prognosis in patients with resectable combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. PMID: 29486735
The data of this study showed that the serum MK concentration in ASD patients is significantly higher than healthy controls. PMID: 29164967
MDK promoted gemcitabine resistance of biliary tract cancer through inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition via upregulating Notch1. PMID: 29344648
These results demonstrate that analysis of IHC expression patterns of MK and NANOG in pretreatment biopsy specimens during the work-up period can provide a more definitive prognosis prediction for each oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patient that can help clinicians to develop a more precise individual treatment modality. PMID: 29113102
Elevated plasma midkine and pleiotrophin levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients suggest their involvement in this disease. PMID: 27903979
Urinary midkine may be an effective biological marker for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. PMID: 27530994
suppression of midkine gene promoted the antitumoral effect of cisplatin on human gastric cell line AGS in vitro and in vivo via Notch signaling pathway. PMID: 28656262
Results revealed that ectopic overexpression of midkine in HCC cell lines with IGF-1R inhibition markedly rescued inhibition of HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. These data imply that inhibition of IGF-1R suppresses HCC growth and invasion via down-regulating midkine expression. PMID: 27813495
Midkine is involved in bowel inflammation in UC and lymph node metastasis in CRC, rendering midkine an attractive target for their treatment. PMID: 27692729
According to our results, serum MK has greater diagnostic value in diagnosing cancer, however, more reliable studies in larger cohort should be conducted to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum MK. PMID: 28686647
Data suggest that mature KLK9 (kallikrein 9) is a glycosylated chymotrypsin-like enzyme with strong preference for tyrosine over phenylalanine at P1 cleavage position; substrate specificity of KLK9 appears to extend to KLK10 and midkine; enzyme activity is enhanced by Mg2+ and Ca2+, but is reversibly attenuated by Zn2+; KLK9 is inhibited in vitro by many naturally occurring or synthetic protease inhibitors. PMID: 28559305
this paper shows that measurement of serum levels of MK is helpful in confirming the diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura and predicting related nephritis in Chinese children PMID: 27497193
midkine may be a good inflammatory marker in renal transplant recipients as in other inflammatory diseases. Moreover, it seems that it is not affected by factors other than inflammation during the post-transplantation period. PMID: 27470002
MK high expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor in childhood ALL. Its level may be incorporated into an improved risk classification system for ALL and suggest the need of alternative regimens. PMID: 26352402
Study shows that overexpression of serum MK levels in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are associated with poor prognosis. PMID: 26798989
MK was significantly elevated in vitamin D deficiency and associated with anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies positivity which was significantly increased in vitamin D deficiency PMID: 26566633
MDK plays an important role in non-small cell lung cancer progression and prognosis and may act as a convincing prognostic indicator for non-small cell lung cancer patients. PMID: 26656665
The concentration of MDK in amniotic fluid declined with gestational age.MDK concentrations in amniotic fluid were far higher than in maternal plasma. PMID: 27089523
The Circulating Levels of Selenium, Zinc, Midkine, Some Inflammatory Cytokines, and Angiogenic Factors in Mitral Chordae Tendineae Rupture. PMID: 25787827
overexpression of midkine protein serves as an unfavorable prognostic biomarker in breast cancer patients PMID: 26159850
our results suggest that midkine expression could be a clinically useful marker in predicting the presence of multiple lymph node metastases in BRAFV600E papillary thyroid carcinoma. PMID: 26297257
PLSCR1 positively regulates hepatic carcinoma cell proliferation and migration through interacting with midkine PMID: 26642712
Use hybrid-type modified chitosan derivative nanoparticles to deliver midkine-siRNA to HepG2 cells. PMID: 25655295
Data shows the possibility that Staphylococcus aureus modulates and corrupts host airway defense lines such as MK by fragmentation in both immuno-competent and -suppressed patient groups. PMID: 24043271
SP1 directly up-regulated the expression of midkine (MDK), and the SP1-MDK axis cooperated in glioma tumorigenesis. PMID: 25428991
Results from targeted sequencing in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia identified KMT2D and KIF1B as novel putative driver genes and a putative regulatory non-coding variant that coincided with overexpression of the growth factor MDK. PMID: 25355294
MK expression in glioma was higher than in paratumor tissues. Overexpression was associated with the WHO grade, low Karnofsky score, time to recurrence, and poor survival. Co-expression of pleiotrophin and MK had a worse prognosis than either alone. PMID: 25001988
midkine is as good as or even better than thyroglobulin to screen patients with thyroid nodules for differentiated thyroid cancer before surgery, and to predict whether metastases exist PMID: 25817231
MK was expressed in adipocytes and regulated by inflammatory modulators. a significant increase in MK levels was observed in adipose tissue of obese ob/ob mice as well as in serum of overweight/obese subjects when compared with their respective controls. PMID: 24516630
High expression levels of Midkine in gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma tissues may indicate a differentiation stage that is characteristic of malignancy, a late clinical stage and a poor prognosis. PMID: 25017879
Midkine protein level is significantly higher in the papillary thyroid cancer than in the multi-nodular goiter patients. PMID: 25283079
High levels of midkine in severe peripheral artery disease patients introduce this cytokine as a possible novel effector in the advanced atherosclerotic process. PMID: 25056169
frequently expressed in pancreatic cancer and associated with perineural invasion PMID: 24659893
Study presents novel MK functions and new upstream signaling effectors that induce its expression to promote PDAC. PMID: 24567526
Midkine is specifically expressed in papillary thyroid cancer tissues and is associated with clinicopathological features and BRAF mutation. PMID: 24272599
MK might play an important role in the progression of HNSCC and may be a useful prognostic factor PMID: 24164595
PKCdelta/midkine axis mediates hypoxic proliferation and differentiation of lung epithelial cells. PMID: 24500281
Circulating Midkine is significantly higher in malignant and non-malignant colorectal diseases than in apparently healthy individuals with more pronounced elevation in colorectal cancer than in non-malignant conditions. PMID: 23899719
serum MDK level was significantly decreased in patients with hepatocellular carcinomas after curative resection and re-elevated when tumor relapse occurred. PMID: 23719264
High MK expression was found in cystic fibrosis lung tissue compared with control samples, involving epithelia of the large and small airways, alveoli, and cells of the submucosa (i.e., neutrophils and mast cells). PMID: 23815177
This study shows that airway epithelial cells of large airways and alveoli have a constitutive production of MK that is part of the bactericidal activity present in the air surface liquid, at least in vitro, and may thus be an important part of this arm of airway host defense. PMID: 23391998
The MDK signal peptide contains both subdominant and cryptic CD4+ T cell epitopes. PMID: 23553629
Midkine is differently expressed in tumors arising from colonic and rectal mucosa, where it may play diverse roles in carcinogenesis. PMID: 22562257
MDK upregulation in castration resistant prostate cancer is associated with neuroendicrine differentiation (shown by its relation to CGA and TUBB3). PMID: 23129424

Hide All

Subcellular Location

Secreted.

Protein Families

Pleiotrophin family

Tissue Specificity

Expressed in various tumor cell lines. In insulinoma tissue predominantly expressed in precancerous lesions.

Database Links

HGNC: 6972

OMIM: 162096

KEGG: hsa:4192

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000352852

UniGene: Hs.82045

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Code	CSB-RA276759A0HU
Size	US$210
	Order now
Image	IHC image of CSB-RA276759A0HU diluted at 1:100 and staining in paraffin-embedded human pancreatic cancer performed on a Leica BondTM system. After dewaxing and hydration, antigen retrieval was mediated by high pressure in a citrate buffer (pH 6.0). Section was blocked with 10% normal goat serum 30min at RT. Then primary antibody (1% BSA) was incubated at 4℃ overnight. The primary is detected by a Goat anti-rabbit IgG polymer labeled by HRP and visualized using 0.05% DAB.
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MDK Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody

Product Details

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Target Background