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Enzyme which catalyzes the acetylation of polyamines. Substrate specificity: norspermidine = spermidine >> spermine > N(1)-acetylspermine > putrescine. This highly regulated enzyme allows a fine attenuation of the intracellular concentration of polyamines. Also involved in the regulation of polyamine transport out of cells. Acts on 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,5-diaminopentane, putrescine, spermidine (forming N(1)- and N(8)-acetylspermidine), spermine, N(1)-acetylspermidine and N(8)-acetylspermidine.
Gene References into Functions
Activation of SAT1 expression induces lipid peroxidation and sensitizes cells to undergo ferroptosis upon reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress, which also leads to suppression of tumor growth in xenograft tumor models. Notably, SAT1 expression is down-regulated in human tumors, and CRISPR-cas9-mediated knockout of SAT1 expression partially abrogates p53-mediated ferroptosis. Moreover, SAT1 induction is correlated PMID: 27698118
our results indicated depletion of polyamines by SSAT signi fi cantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion through AKT/GSK3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer cells. PMID: 27901475
Extracellular polyamines induced proliferation and cancer cell migration by inducing ODC and SSAT expression, and the Akt1-mediated pathway. PMID: 28157137
we used siRNA on SSAT and compared the SSAT level in knockdown and normal cells. Results showed that the monoclonal antibody specifically recognized SSAT. PMID: 27328064
4H6 was also compared with the commercial antibody. The produced mAbs will be a useful tool for further investigation of SSAT functions in organisms. PMID: 27228136
Results show low SAT1 brain expression in depressed suicides and implicate low SAT1 brain expression in major depression independent of suicide PMID: 25959060
Data suggest that SAT1 plays role in apoptosis; overexpression of SAT1 in human embryonic kidney cell line leads to a rapid depletion of spermidine and spermine, arrest in cell growth, and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. PMID: 25849284
Analysis shows a significant direct correlation between SSAT expression in Prostatic Cancer tissues and disease progression. PMID: 25893668
Enhanced SSAT expression by proximal tubule epithelial cells leads to tubular damage, and its deficiency reduces the severity of renal I/R injury through reduction of cellular damage and modulation of the innate immune response PMID: 25390069
A role for SAT1 in homologous recombination. PMID: 25277523
The Catabolic enzyme SSAT expression levels was up-regulated in both cell lines; however, the specific SSAT siRNA treatments prevented the EBR-induced apoptosis only in LNCaP (AR+) cells. PMID: 23963538
In females, the TC genotype was significantly more frequent in alcohol-dependent patients than in non-alcohol-dependent psychiatric controls. No differences were found among the males. PMID: 24735382
study postulates a mechanism for SAT1 and SMOX down-regulation by post-transcriptional activity of miRNAs. PMID: 24025154
SAT1 transcription is influenced by lithium and this effect is altered in bipolar disease patients who completed suicide. PMID: 23768751
berberine inhibits cellular growth by affecting polyamine metabolism, in particular through the upregulation of the key catabolic enzyme, spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT). PMID: 23903781
SSAT induction plays a role in cell detachment and apoptosis of glioblastoma cells by N1,N11-diethylnorspermine treatment. PMID: 22179681
The results of this study indicated that epigenetic factors in the promoter region of SAT1 influence gene expression levels, and may provide a mechanism for both our previous findings of haplotype-specific effects of promoter variations on SAT1 expression PMID: 21501848
Studies indicate that each of the 4 genes was associated with at least one main outcome: anxiety (SAT1, SMS), mood disorders (SAT1, SMOX), and suicide attempts (SAT1, OATL1). PMID: 21152090
SSAT1 may regulate exogenous gene expression by blocking steps involved in transcription/translation from an episomal vector by targeting non-polyamine substrate(s) critical for this pathway PMID: 20212040
These results add support for a role of SAT1 in conferring a risk for suicide completion, in particular in the context of depressive disorders. PMID: 19851986
Knockdown studies suggest that induction of SSAT and SMO is correlated with the antiproliferative effects of BENSpm with 5-FU or paclitaxel in MDA-MB-231 cells. PMID: 19727732
Induction of alternatively spliced spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase mRNA in the human kidney cells infected by venezuelan equine encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses PMID: 12083816
overexpression of SSAT and the consequent putrescine accumulation are involved in the keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans phenotype PMID: 12215835
characterization of promoter function in Hela cells by study of a factor, bound to the responsive element, that underwent modification by binding with another factor after X-ray irradiation PMID: 12427553
genomic identification and biochemical characterization of an isoenzyme PMID: 12803540
SSAT has a role in apoptosis induced by sulindac sulfone, which leads to reduced tissue polyamine contents in human colon cancer cells PMID: 14506281
Transgenic SSAT-overexpressing mice are less active than syngeneic mice and show reduced aggressive behavior; furthermore, SSAT-OE mice have reduced muscle tone and grip strength, although they do not differ from syngeneic mice in several agility tasks. PMID: 15159132
SSAT has a role in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury PMID: 15213272
spermidine acetyltransferase directly binds to the alpha9 cytoplasmic domain and mediates alpha9-dependent enhancement of cell migration PMID: 15479742
Restoring high inducibility of SSAT activity subverts the reduced sensitivity to cisplatin of SSAT-deficient ovarian cancer cells. PMID: 15905201
SSAT and SMO(PAOh1) activities are the major mediators of the cellular response of breast tumor cells to polyamines while PAO plays little or no role in this response PMID: 16207710
Activation of SSAT by aspirin and different NSAIDs may be a common property of NSAIDs that plays an important role in their chemopreventive actions in colorectal cancer. PMID: 16262603
tertiary structure of hSSAT reported in this article provides a sound basis for the in-depth study of its structure-function relationship PMID: 16544326
The inhibition of IkappaB and activation of NFkappaB activate SSAT. PMID: 16637064
a common mediator of inflammation can lead to the induction of SSAT expression by activating the NFkappaB signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer cells PMID: 16757480
These results indicate that the disruption of polyamine homeostasis due to enhanced SSAT activity leads to DNA damage and reduced cell proliferation via activation of DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint and disruption of Raf --> MEK --> ERK pathways. PMID: 17065202
The structure of the SSAT-spermine-acetyl-coenzyme A complex suggested that Tyr140 acts as general acid and Glu92, through one or more water molecules, acts as the general base during catalysis. PMID: 17516632
SSAT1, which shares 46% amino acid identity with SSAT2, also binds to HIF-1alpha and promotes its ubiquitination/degradation. However, in contrast to SSAT2, SSAT1 acts by stabilizing the interaction of HIF-1alpha with RACK1 PMID: 17875644
Adenovirus-mediated expression of SSAT inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth in vitro. PMID: 18430370
interaction between SLC3A2 and SAT1 suggests that these proteins may facilitate excretion of acetylated polyamines. PMID: 18660501
This is the first study linking polymorphic variants of genes involved in polyamine metabolism with anxiety disorders. PMID: 18759322
Our study provides new results which show that dysregulation of SSAT expression does play a role in suicide behavior. PMID: 19051286
Downregulation of SAT1 expression may play a role in depression and suicidality. PMID: 19152344
We failed to demonstrate a significant association between the SAT-1 single nucleotide polymorphism and schizophrenia PMID: 19162121
results indicate that specific promoter variants in SAT1 have an effect on SAT1 gene expression. PMID: 19446796
Adenovirus vector-mediated upregulation of spermidine /spermine N1-acetyltransferase impairs human gastric cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. PMID: 19686286