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Lead Time
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Usage
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Type-VI intermediate filament (IF) which plays an important cytoskeletal role within the muscle cell cytoskeleton. It forms heteromeric IFs with desmin and/or vimentin, and via its interaction with cytoskeletal proteins alpha-dystrobrevin, dystrophin, talin-1, utrophin and vinculin, is able to link these heteromeric IFs to adherens-type junctions, such as to the costameres, neuromuscular junctions, and myotendinous junctions within striated muscle cells.
Gene References into Functions
LMOD1, SYNPO2, PDLIM7, PLN, and SYNM down-regulation reflect the altered phenotype of smooth muscle cells in vascular disease and could be early sensitive markers of SMC dedifferentiation. PMID: 27470516
alpha-Synemin localizes to the M-band of the sarcomere through interaction with the M10 region of titin PMID: 25447537
Immunohistochemistry of synemin in reactive astrocytes and Rosenthal fibers in two patients with Alexander disease. There was an abundance of GFAP-positive Rosenthal fibers and widespread reactive gliosis in the white matter and subpial regions. PMID: 23594359
synemin positively regulates glioblastoma cell proliferation by helping sequester PP2A away from Akt, thereby favoring Akt activation. PMID: 22337773
Synemin knock-down did not influence the cytoskeleton expression and organization of human Chang liver cells PMID: 21144834
SYNM could represent a novel putative breast tumor suppressor gene that is prone to epigenetic silencing. SYNM promoter methylation may become a useful predictive biomarker to stratify breast cancer patients' risk for tumor relapse. PMID: 20543860
Desmuslin expression is required for the maintenance of vascular smooth muscle phenotype. Decreased desmuslin expression may affect differentiation of VSMCs and ultimately contribute to the development of varicose veins. PMID: 20573469
The differences in human syncoilin and beta-synemin mRNA ratios between Duchenne muscular dystrophy and normal muscles were not statistically significant PMID: 20199207
The LIM domain protein zyxin was identified as an interaction partner for human synemin. PMID: 19853601
Genomic organization and single-nucleotide polymorphism map of desmuslin, a novel intermediate filament protein on chromosome 15q26.3. PMID: 11454237
Expression of the intermediate filament protein synemin in myofibrillar myopathies and other muscle diseases. PMID: 12669240
the default of KIAA0353 gene may play a role in the occurrence and development of varicose great saphenous vein in PDVI patients. PMID: 12887813
The colocalization of Synemin [syn] with vimentin, GFAP, or neurofilament supports the idea that Syn is a key cross-linking protein in morphogenesis that connects different cytoskeletal structures PMID: 14552890
Based on its localization and its expression pattern, beta-synemin functions as a structural protein involved in maintaining muscle integrity through its interactions with alpha-dystrobrevin, desmin, and other structural proteins. PMID: 15318345
synemin is associated with ruffled membranes in addition to being distributed along the intermediate filament network PMID: 15657940
Desmuslin is down-regulated in incompetent saphenous veins. PMID: 16476617
Mammalian synemin is also shown to colocalize with dystrophin within muscle cell cultures PMID: 16777071
The stability of DMN was analyzed under the action of low-level laser therapy. PMID: 17564317
alpha-synemin, but not beta-synemin, interacts with both vinculin and metavinculin PMID: 18028034
results revealed that synemin was modulated nearly in all human human hepatocellular carcinoma cases PMID: 18084875
Results suggest human alpha-synemin plays an essential role in linking the heteropolymeric intermediate filament to adherens-type junctions, such as the costameres within mammalian striated muscle cells, via its interaction with talin. PMID: 18342854
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Subcellular Location
Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cell junction, adherens junction. Note=There are at least two distinct SYNM subpopulations, one in which SYMN interacts with DES within the Z-lines, and another in which it interacts with both DTNA and DES at the costamere.
Protein Families
Intermediate filament family
Tissue Specificity
Isoform 2 is strongly detected in adult heart, fetal skeletal muscles and fetal heart. Isoform 1 is weakly detected in fetal heart and also in fetal skeletal muscle. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are detected in adult bladder (at protein level). The mRNA is pre