Recombinant Drosophila melanogaster Homeotic protein bicoid (bcd)

1. NMR methodology was employed for determining the dynamics of lysine side-chain amino groups via (15)N relaxation measurements in the Lys50-class homeodomains from the Drosophila protein Bicoid and the human protein Pitx2 PMID: 29664630
2. These data support a model where Bcd influences chromatin structure to gain access to concentration-sensitive targets at high concentrations, while concentration-insensitive targets are found in more accessible chromatin and are bound at low concentrations. PMID: 28891464
3. The authors find that Bicoid transcriptional activity is dispensable for embryonic viability in the first hour after fertilization, but persistently required throughout the rest of the blastoderm stage. Short interruptions of Bicoid activity alter the most anterior cell fate decisions, while prolonged inactivation expands patterning defects from anterior to posterior. PMID: 28691901
4. Vinblastine treatment allowed the simulation of an ideal SDD model whereby the protein moved throughout the embryo in a broad front. In unfertilized embryos, the Bcd protein followed the mRNA which itself was transported into the interior of the embryo utilizing a hitherto undiscovered microtubular network PMID: 28973031
5. The Bcd gradient is observed in embryos that express a Bicoid-eGFP fusion protein (Bcd-GFP) which cannot differentiate if Bcd is freely diffusing or bound to immobile sites. This work analyzes an SDID model that includes the Interaction of Bcd with binding sites. PMID: 28054512
6. The present study examines the effect of advection transport on the formation of the Bicoid morphogen gradient using direct simulation of the cytoplasmic streaming. PMID: 27193268
7. results have important implications for how Bcd recognizes its different targets to mediate its critical developmental functions PMID: 28547993
8. biophysical model in which Bcd diffuses and interacts with binding sites to show that both FRAP and FCS estimates may be correct and compatible with the observed timescale of gradient formation in establishment of the anterior-posterior embryonic axis PMID: 24901638
9. Bicoid mRNA counts are highly reproducible between embryos to within ~9%, matching the reproducibility of the protein gradient. Changing the genetic dosage in the female leads to proportional changes in both mRNA and protein numbers in the embryo. PMID: 24856210
10. Studies indicate that Bicoid (Bcd), is expressed from anteriorly distributed mRNAand forms a decreasing concentration gradient from the anteriorto posterior of the embryo. PMID: 25016297
11. This study proposes that the establishment of the hunchback pattern relies on Bicoid-dependent lengthening of transcriptional activity periods in the anterior half of the embryo, and may require two distinct repression mechanisms in the posterior. PMID: 24139736
12. this study documents, for the first time, a case of within-species Bcd scaling achieved through adjusting the gradient profile's exponential shape characteristic, illustrating at a molecular level how a developmental system can follow distinct operational paths towards the goal of robust and scaled patterning. PMID: 24284208
13. Cic acts on Bcd dependent enhancer elements by repression and thereby controls the posterior limit of Bcd target gene expression. PMID: 20404518
14. Bcd concentration at target gene expression boundaries is nearly unchanged early in development but adjusts dynamically as development progresses. PMID: 23580621
15. The SUMO moiety has an intrinsic inhibitory activity for the activator function of Drosophila Bcd protein. PMID: 22584054
16. Study analyzed 66 Bcd-dependent regulatory elements and show that their boundaries are positioned primarily by repressive gradients that antagonize Bcd-mediated activation. PMID: 22541432
17. Parameter estimation on models by spatio-temporal Bicoid profiles suggests strong support for regulated stability over either a constant supply rate or one where the maternal mRNA is permitted to degrade in a passive manner. PMID: 21949782
18. Bcd production rate, which is dependent on the total number of bcd mRNA molecules in the anterior, is scaled with embryo volume. PMID: 21613328
19. Study represents a first experimental uncovering of the actions of Bcd in controlling the actual transcriptional events while its positional information is decoded during development. PMID: 21544208
20. The formation of the Bicoid morphogen gradient requires protein movement from anteriorly localized mRNA. PMID: 21390295
21. The question of Bcd mobility was investigated using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in live Drosophila melanogaster embryos. PMID: 20712981
22. The positional precision provided by the Drosophila morphogenetic protein Bicoid (Bcd) in wild-type (wt) embryos with embryos lacking an interacting cofactor, was compared. PMID: 20682246
23. Results suggest that the ventral splay of segmentation genes along the A-P axis may be directly traced to the distinct properties of the Bcd gradient on the dorsal and ventral sides of the embryo. PMID: 20678215
24. Deletion of a short sequence in Bicoid impairs its nuclear accumulation. This effect is due to a approximately 4-fold decrease in nuclear import rate and a approximately 2-fold reduction in nuclear residence time compared with the wild-type protein. PMID: 20699297
25. Bicoid provides dose-dependent positional information along the axis, maternal Hunchback is required for the synchrony of the response and is therefore likely to be involved in this memorization process. PMID: 20663819
26. The precision of Bcd target genes for embryos with a single, double or quadruple dose of bicoid demonstrating that precision is highest at mid-embryo and position dependent, rather than gene dependent, is presented. PMID: 20212523
27. The data helping to understand how anterior patterning is achieved under the control of Bicoid and challenges for future studies are reviewed [review] PMID: 20219179
28. activating and repressive effects of Bcd and Cic, respectively, are integrated by the Bcd target gene enhancer PMID: 19959668
29. The activity of the Drosophila morphogenetic protein Bicoid is inhibited by a domain located outside its homeodomain. PMID: 11923203
30. the amino-terminal domain of Bcd is an enhancer-specific switch that contributes to the protein's ability to activate different target genes in distinct manners PMID: 12808087
31. bicoid mutation enhances the A4 defect of dsp1 PMID: 12820172
32. study suggests that the activity of Bcd is intricately controlled by multiple mechanisms involving the actions of co-repressor proteins PMID: 12939280
33. Dimerization of bcd mRNA was shown to be important for the formation of ribonucleoprotein particles and their localization in Drosophila embryo. The cis-element responsible for dimerization is localized in a stem-loop domain. PMID: 14607826
34. dCBP is an enhancer-dependent co-activator of Bcd, facilitating its activation through multiple mechanisms PMID: 15358774
35. in labral regions of the head, Bicoid is converted from an activator into a repressor by recruitment of a co-repressor to Bicoid-dependent promoters PMID: 15649476
36. REVIEW: key features of bcd function in Drosophila PMID: 16108065
37. bicoid mutants were used to test the importance of cooperative DNA binding by the Bicoid protein in establishing a pattern along the anterior-posterior axis of the early Drosophila embryo PMID: 16150708
38. Bcd drives precise and sharp expression of its target genes through a process that depends exclusively on its ability to activate transcription. PMID: 16271865
39. the accelerated rate of evolution observed for bcd is owing, at least partly, to variation generated by relaxed selective constraint PMID: 16299585
40. Results describe the solution structure of the homeodomain of the Drosophila morphogenic protein Bicoid (Bcd) complexed with a TAATCC DNA site. PMID: 16406070
41. The association of bicoid with the anterior oocyte cortex is dynamic and support a model for maintenance of bicoid localization by continual active transport on microtubules. PMID: 16890164
42. VPS36 functions by binding directly and specifically to stem-loop V of the bicoid 3' UTR through its amino-terminal GLUE domain, making it the first example of a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that recognizes the bicoid localization signal PMID: 17268469
43. Results describe the development and stability of the Bicoid morphogen gradient in Drosophila embryos that express a Bicoid-eGFP fusion protein. PMID: 17632061
44. Results describe measures of precision for the Bicoid morphogen in the Drosophila embryo, and show that the system exerts precise control over absolute concentrations and responds reliably to small concentration differences. PMID: 17632062
45. Shape of the Drosophila, Lucilia and Calliphora Bicoid gradients appears to be a conserved feature of the Bicoid protein. PMID: 18328473
46. bcd mRNA shifts from continuous active transport to stable actin-dependent anchoring at the end of oogenesis. PMID: 18639459
47. Quantitative studies of the bcd gradient are described. PMID: 18854140
48. bcd mRNA and Bcd protein gradient profiles are virtually identical at all times. PMID: 19168676
49. including trapping and release of Bicoid by the nuclei during cleavage cycles does not alter the morphogen length scale; the inclusion of advective transport due to cytoplasmic streaming can have a large effect. PMID: 19190186
50. Target gene positioning involves combinatorial interactions that are mediated by the binding site architecture of each gene's cis-regulatory elements. PMID: 19237583

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KEGG: dme:Dmel_CG1034

STRING: 7227.FBpp0081168

UniGene: Dm.3237