Function
Could be a melanogenic enzyme.
Gene References into Functions
- loss of GPNMB, which has been implicated in melanosome formation, autophagy, phagocytosis, tissue repair, and negative regulation of inflammation, underlies autosomal-recessive Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica. PMID: 29336782
- Study shows high GPNMB mRNA level in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. Its silencing regulates the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. PMID: 29620278
- Serum levels of GPNMB were highly correlated with accumulation of bioactive lipid substrate of Gaucher disease, glucosylsphingosine as well as established biomarkers, chitotriosidase and chemokine, CCL18. PMID: 28003098
- Increased brain expression of GPNMB is associated with genome wide significant risk for Parkinson's disease PMID: 28391543
- This study revealed that GPNMB aggregates are localized to the neuron, and not localized to the astrocyte and microglia and in the spinal cord of ALS patients. GPNMB has protective effects against mutant TDP-43-induced motor neuron cell death, via ERK1/2 and Akt pathway.. PMID: 27935101
- This review will summarize the latest understanding of Gpnmb in the aspects of diagnosis, progression and prognosis of pathological disorders and neoplasms, emphasizing the clinical advances in targeting Gpnmb-expressing malignancies--{REVIEW} PMID: 29441921
- The combination of MAPK pathway inhibitors with an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB is an effective therapeutic option. PMID: 27515299
- High GPNMB expression is associated with enhancement of invasive behavior in lung cancer. PMID: 26883195
- Findings suggest that MAFK and its target gene GPNMB play important roles in the malignant progression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, offering potentially new therapeutic targets for TNBC patients. PMID: 28400538
- glycoprotein non-metastatic B presented increased expression in breast cancer in vivo compared to normal breast tissue PMID: 28689015
- Osteoactivin differential regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteases in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas to promote cancer cell invasion. PMID: 28295306
- The GPNMB is expressed in a temporal manner during eosinophil development and delivers a proliferative signal upon activation. PMID: 28104809
- it may be premature to conclude associations between GPNMB rs156429 and Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple system atrophy. PMID: 27132081
- Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B protein was highly expressed in the bladder cancer, which was related to the poor prognosis in bladder cancer patients. Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion in bladder cancer cells. PMID: 28443476
- an inducer for glioma and could enhance matrix metalloproteinase activity through Wnt/beta-catenin pathway to contribute to glioma tumorigenesis PMID: 27334625
- findings indicate that GPNMB promotes glioma growth via Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase alpha subunits. Thus, the interaction between GPNMB and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase alpha subunits represents a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of brain glioblastomas. PMID: 27836549
- Finally, we identify glycoprotein NMB as a melanocytic marker up-regulated in Tsc2-null mouse uteri and human lymphangioleiomyomatosis samples PMID: 26880751
- The GPNMB is a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for the development and progression of Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity. PMID: 26581806
- Osteoactivin in the extracellular matrix promotes oral squamous carcinoma cell adhesion and migration. PMID: 26636434
- Gpnmb Is a Potential Marker for the Visceral Pathology in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease PMID: 26771826
- GPNMB might be a surrogate marker for BC and may cross talk with the HER2 signal pathway. PMID: 26077887
- GPNMB plays an important roles in regulating the expression of key pluripotency genes in dental pulp cells and modifying odontogenic differentiation. PMID: 26261527
- A positive correlation between GPNMB and NRP-1 levels in human breast tumors. PMID: 25772243
- Data shows that the expression of Gpnmb and Spp1 is highly upregulated in glioma-associated microglia/macrophages highlighting the importance of macrophages and microglia as therapeutic targets in anti-tumor treatment regimens. PMID: 25658639
- GPNMB/OA protein expression prevents cells from apoptosis-enhancing proliferation and represents a novel modulator of the invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer cells. PMID: 25426614
- The transcription factor MITF is a critical regulator of GPNMB expression in dendritic cells. PMID: 25889792
- GPNMB mRNA in FLCN-related renal cell carcinomas was 23-fold more abundant than in sporadic tumors. PMID: 25594584
- GPNMB has protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury via phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt PMID: 25010402
- Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B plays an important role in angiogenesis during hyperoxia injury PMID: 25054912
- DC-HIL+ CD14+ HLA-DR no/low cells are a potential blood marker and therapeutic target for melanoma PMID: 24933321
- Our data identify Gpnmb as a novel marker for obesity-induced adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and potentiator of interleukin-4 responses and point toward a crucial role for MITF in driving part of the adipose tissue macrophage phenotype. PMID: 24789918
- GPNMB/OA acts as a critical molecular mediator promoting the acquisition of the more aggressive, pro-metastatic phenotype distinctive of human DU145 and PC3 cell lines. PMID: 24589892
- our findings will clarify a new explanation about how GPNMB induces bone repair, and provide a potential target for bone regeneration therapeutics and bone engineering PMID: 23794283
- the molecular basis for the distinct trafficking and morphogenetic properties of PMEL and GPNMB is the PKD domain PMID: 23452376
- GPNMB expression was regulated by EpCAM and CSF-1 partly through their common downstream product c-myc PMID: 23924854
- Silencing of GPNMB by siRNA inhibits the formation of melanosomes in melanocytes in a MITF-independent fashion. PMID: 22912767
- GPNMB inhibits motor neuron death and plays a critical role in motor neuron survival. PMID: 22891158
- Together these results suggest that GPNMB gene is a p53- and androgen-dysregulated gene and should be regarded as an anti-tumor gene for prostate cancer. PMID: 22290289
- The abnormal expression of GPNMB may play an important role in the development of prostate cancer. PMID: 21844952
- Gastrointestinal stromal tumours do not show immunopositivity for ERa or HMB45. PMID: 22014058
- upregulated in monocyte-derived dendritic cells by BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors PMID: 21874302
- GPNMB increase in kidney disease was confirmed by real-time PCR after 5/6 nephrectomy, in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and in patients with chronic kidney disease PMID: 21389974
- Toxin-conjugated DC-HIL to abrogate the ability of Sezary syndrome cells to proliferate in vitro. PMID: 21252093
- ADAM10 as a sheddase capable of releasing the GPNMB/OA ectodomain from the surface of breast cancer cells PMID: 20711474
- GPNMB expression has a role in uveal melanoma PMID: 20375921
- GPNMB expression is associated with the basal/triple-negative subtype and is a prognostic marker of poor outcome in patients with breast cancer. PMID: 20215530
- GPNMB is a melanosomal protein that is released by proteolytic ectodomain shedding and might be a useful and specific histological marker of melanocytic cells. PMID: 20056711
- Human OA uses the same transcriptional initiation site in both bone and kidney as was reported for melanoma cells and is expressed in osteoblast cultures at all stages of differentiation PMID: 14696968
- cloning and analysis of two fragments in the 5' flanking region of HGFIN; studies indicate p53 cooperates with cytokine-mediated transcription factors to regulate the expression of HGFIN PMID: 15684612
- Osteoactivin is expressed at high levels in normal and inflammatory liver macrophages suggesting a significant role in acute liver injury. PMID: 15763343
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Involvement in disease
Glioblastoma multiforme patients that exhibit increased mRNA and protein levels (>3-fold over normal brain) in biopsy samples have a significantly higher risk of death (PubMed:16609006). In the context of cancer immunotherapy, including that of melanoma, has been proposed to be used as a cell surface protein antigen targeted by antibodies coupled to cytotoxic drugs (PubMed:16489096).
Subcellular Location
Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Melanosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Early endosome membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein.
Protein Families
PMEL/NMB family
Tissue Specificity
Widely expressed, but very low expression, if any, in the brain. Expressed in the epidermis with higher levels in melanocytes compared with keratinocytes and Langerhans cells (at protein level). Expressed in peripheral blood, but not bone marrow mononucle
