GAD2 Antibody

1. In individuals with adult-onset diabetes, presence of N-terminally truncated GAD65 autoantibodies is associated with the clinical phenotype of autoimmune type 1 diabetes and predicts insulin therapy. PMID: 29619531
2. This study showed a significant 58% increase of SCN GAD65/67-ir and a significant 169% increase of SCN GAD67-mRNA in the depression group. PMID: 28608287
3. healthy donor NK cells showed similar degranulation against both GAD65 AA 114-122 pulsed and unpulsed APCs. The pathogenetic significance of the CD3-CD8dullCD56+ 'memory-like NK cell subset' with increased response upon secondary challenge in diabetics remains to be elucidated PMID: 29236750
4. Genetic variability in GAD2 and GAD1 contributes to risk of methamphetamine dependence in the Thai population. PMID: 27967329
5. Study propose that aberrant accumulation of immunogenic GAD65 in Golgi membranes facilitates inappropriate presentation to the immune system after release from stressed and/or damaged beta-cells, triggering autoimmunity. PMID: 27284108
6. UV exposed hydrogen peroxide produces hydroxyl radical that may cause protein damage (GAD-65) to the extent of generating neo-epitopes on the molecule, making it immunogenic. PMID: 26362234
7. we investigated the relationship between serum glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibody (Ab) levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the glutamic acid de-carboxylase 2 (GAD2) 5'-untranslated region PMID: 25966064
8. Kaplan-Meier survival curves estimated a worst pancreas graft survival for patients with positive IA-2 antibodies versus those patients with negative auto-antibodies and GAD65+ auto-antibodies after simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation. PMID: 25645784
9. Plasma GAD65 qualifies as a marker for early beta-cell loss after intraportal transplantation. PMID: 25816051
10. Cohort study shows that mean GAD65 mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex area 9 are not altered in subjects with schizophrenia but are lower in subjects with schizoaffective disorder PMID: 24993056
11. Data suggest that women with gestational diabetes who develop autoantibodies against GAD2 (glutamate decarboxylase 2) exhibit higher blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin secretion from beta cells in the postpartum period. PMID: 25345799
12. GAD2 SNPs significantly associate with early-onset obsessive compulsive disorder. PMID: 24571444
13. There is a marked gender dimorphism in GAD65 positivity, higher in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome females vs. males. PMID: 24661757
14. GAD65 expression in 313 gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than in 60 adjacent non-tumour tissues. Moreover, the expression level of GAD65 significantly correlated with the depth of tumour invasion and TNM stage. PMID: 23822856
15. GAD65 is severely reduced in Alzheimer's disease middle temporal gyrus, hippocampus and putamen neuropil granules. PMID: 23114513
16. The study demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the frequency of the GAD2 (+83987 T/A) genes between obese patients and controls in Taiwanese subjects. PMID: 22366823
17. Decreased expression of GAD65 protein within inhibitory boutons could contribute to auditory impairments in schizophrenia. PMID: 22624794
18. In latent autoimmune diabetic subjects, high GAD antibody titer was associated with a profile of more severe autoimmunity and, in male gender, specifically predisposed to thyroid autoimmunity. PMID: 22865904
19. The presence of GADA post partum was positively associated with diabetes post partum (p=0.0009), but not with impaired glucose tolerance PMID: 22104260
20. GAD65 palmitoylation is important for the delivery of GAD65 to inhibitory synapses and suggest that impairment of GAD65 palmitoylation by mhtt may lead to altered inhibitory neurotransmission in Huntington's disease. PMID: 22103299
21. ZnT8A, GADA and IA-2A are autoantibodies that may have a role in successful pancreas graft survival PMID: 21792090
22. Results describe the gross distribution patterns of GAD65 in human and rhesus monkey thalami and show that they are nearly identical. PMID: 21491431
23. From midgestation to infancy, the pattern of GABAA receptor binding changed from uniformly low across all cortical layers to high levels concentrated in the middle laminae;GAD65 levels differentially increased. PMID: 21937910
24. the IgG subclass profile of anti-GAD65 Ab in healthy individuals differs from that in Type 1 Diabetes Patients. PMID: 21517929
25. Studies indicate that T1DM can be detected by determining four autoantibodies, namely those antibodies against insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, insulinoma antigen (IA)-2 (ICA512) and the zinc transporter ZnT8. PMID: 21073664
26. Data suggest that regulation of ROS-GADAbs could offer novel tools for analysing and possibly treating T1D complications. PMID: 21385406
27. The GAD 65 antigen could be identified in 8 patient sera: 4 children with diabetes mellitus type 1 and 4 adults initially taken as controls but who retrospectively showed signs of autoimmunity. PMID: 20016201
28. Peptides in rotavirus VP7, similar to T cell epitopes in IA2 and GAD65, bind strongly to HLA-DRB1*04 molecules that confer susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and are also T cell epitopes in humans at risk for type 1 diabetes. PMID: 20083660
29. The number of human pancreatic islet cells expressing CGRP, GABA and GAD decreased significantly after the onset of Type 2 diabetes PMID: 20010500
30. behavioral inhibition-associated SNPs appear to be associated with differences in MYO3A- but not GAD2 lymphoblastoid-mRNA expression levels PMID: 19229853
31. Molecular mimicry in type 1 diabetes: immune cross-reactivity between islet autoantigen and human cytomegalovirus but not Coxsackie virus. PMID: 12021098
32. The PEVKEK region of the pyridoxal phosphate binding domain of GAD65 expresses a dominant B cell epitope for type 1 diabetes sera PMID: 12021103
33. GAD65-specific B cells and the antibodies they secrete appear to modulate the autoimmune T cell repertoire by down-regulating T cell epitopes in an immunodominant area while boosting epitopes in distant or cryptic regions. PMID: 12097368
34. GAD2 in type 1 diabetes. GAD2 does not play a major role in type 1 diabetes in these two European populations. PMID: 12196483
35. The effect of GAD65 on T-cell activation in stiff-man syndrome and cerebellar ataxia associated with polyendocrine autoimmunity was evaluated. PMID: 12197888
36. The alpha-helical secondary structure of the GAD65 C-terminus must be denatured to generate linear epitopes. The N-terminus is both surface-exposed and linear in the native structure. Masking membrane interactions must be broken for B-cell recognition. PMID: 12296864
37. dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in GAD65 PMID: 12503190
38. results support the hypothesis that presentation of GAD autoantigen by islet endothelium in vivo could promote transmigration of circulating islet autoantigen-specific T-cells primed in regional lymph nodes against islet autoantigens PMID: 12606513
39. GAD antibodies in type I diabetes mellitus has unique N-terminal linear epitopes that are located on the anchoring domain of GAD65 molecules. PMID: 14557453
40. Data suggest that the conversion of full-length glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) to truncated GAD65 mediated by endogenous protease may represent an important mechanism in the regulation of GABA biosynthesis in the brain. PMID: 14576464
41. GAD2 is mapped to chromosome 10p12 and is a candidate gene for human obesity PMID: 14691540
42. The StyI polymorphism in intron 11 of GAD2 did not associate with schizophrenia or suicidal ideation/behavior. PMID: 15091314
43. highly heterogeneous recognition of a multitude of INS and GAD65 peptide determinants occurred in the absence of protein recognition, and low functional avidity of the memory T cells PMID: 15163889
44. Among the type 1 diabetes children, increasing neutralising titres was associated positively with increasing antibody levels against GAD65. All siblings with antibodies against GAD 65 had significant titre increase against any of the CBV strains. PMID: 15170642
45. specificity and avidity of GAD65 reactive T-cell clones isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes PMID: 15277377
46. Conformation-dependent autoantibodies directed against GAD65 are markers of Type 1 diabetes. PMID: 15365614
47. GAD65 autoantibody response in the preclinical stage of type 1 diabetes is dynamic and related to the HLA genotypes that confer risk of diabetes. PMID: 15834701
48. Site-directed mutagenesis study validates that cysteine-446 (present in GAD65 as a free sulfhydryl group) plays an important role in GAD65 activity. PMID: 15836621
49. Out of 14 GAD2 markers screened in stage 1, only one met the threshold criteria for follow-up in a range of anxiety disorders and major depression PMID: 16718280
50. marginally significant (0.01 < P < 0.05) associations between four common variants of GAD2 and BMI were observed PMID: 16731858

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HGNC: 4093

OMIM: 138275

KEGG: hsa:2572

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000259271

UniGene: Hs.231829