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Lead Time
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Usage
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
Cytokine that promotes the proliferation, survival and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages. Promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, and in the regulation of bone resorption. Signaling via CSF1R and its downstream effectors stimulates phosphorylation of MAPK1/ERK2 AND MAPK3/ERK1.
Gene References into Functions
Study found that high IL-34 levels in synovial fluid were significantly associated with the radiographic and symptomatic severity of knee osteoarthritis. PMID: 30159102
Data showed that single expression of M-CSF or IL-34 can be observed in lung cancer tissues and correlated with poor survival. Additionally, their high co-expression correlates with disease stages and poor survival. Thus, evaluating the expression of both M-CSF and IL-34 may help to estimate disease progression and malignant degree in lung cancer patients. PMID: 29323162
this study shows that IL-34 regulates IL-6 and IL-8 production in human lung fibroblasts via MAPK, PI3K-Akt, JAK and NF-kappaB signaling pathways PMID: 29857241
Study indicates that IL-34 can be an indicator of liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PMID: 29599606
In conclusion, elevated serum IL-34 levels were demonstrated to be independently associated with renal insufficiency and coronary artery disease in patients with chronic heart failure, regardless of the systolic function. PMID: 27982136
Data indicate that the interleukin 34 (IL-34) is a feasible diagnostic marker of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. PMID: 27363523
Findings uncover a novel function for IKKbeta/mHTTx1 interactions in regulating IL-34 production, and implicate a role for IL-34 in non-cell-autonomous, microglial-dependent neurodegeneration in HD. PMID: 28973132
The IL-34/STAT3/miR-21 pathway is crucial for the survival of synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis PMID: 27084907
Data show that both serum interleukin-34 (IL-34) and IL-34 mRNA in mononuclear leukocytes (PBMCs) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients was significantly decreased compared to the healthy controls. PMID: 28614380
pathogenic role for IL34 in mediating immunosuppression and chemoresistance and identify it as a tractable target for anticancer therapy. PMID: 27550451
The current study aimed to assess the IL-34 expression in response to two members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family, TGF-beta1 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, in synovial fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis patients. PMID: 27865758
The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis has shown that IL-34 has more discriminatory power than C-reactive protein (CRP) for the risk of diabetic complications. The cut-off value for IL-34 was established as 91.2 pg/mL. The gist of our research was identification of IL-34 as an additional potential inflammatory biomarker for the prediction of the risk of vascular diabetic complications. PMID: 26849008
findings demonstrated that M-CSF binds to IL-34; molecular docking studies predicted the formation of a heteromeric M-CSF/IL-34 cytokine PMID: 26095744
These results suggest that IL-34, a novel osteoclastogenic cytokine, plays a role in rheumatoid arthritis-associated joint damage and is a potential biomarker for predicting subsequent radiographic progression in patients with RA. PMID: 25027626
IL-34 is expressed by human FOXP3+CD45RCloCD8+ and CD4+ Tregs and markedly inhibited alloreactive immune responses. PMID: 26389674
This paper provides evidence of alternative binding of IL-34 to chondroitin sulphates and syndecan-1 at the cell surface that modulates M-CSFR activation. PMID: 25662098
In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that IL-34 expression is regulated by TNF-a and IL-1b and that its overexpression is associated with an increase in osteosarcoma growth and metastasis. PMID: 25471534
the expression pattern of IL-34 in ileum and colon and suggest IL-34 as a new modulator of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease PMID: 25896238
IL-34 is up-regulated in inflammatory bowel disease and suggest a role for this cytokine in sustaining the inflammatory responses in this disease PMID: 25800277
IL-34 is induced by IL-22 in the inflammatory cascade in response to IAV infection. PMID: 25415279
IL-34 expression in human gingival fibroblasts, stimulated by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta PMID: 24339952
potent profibrotic factor in hepatitis C virus liver fibrosis PMID: 25066464
IL-34 is associated with insulin resistance. PMID: 24712570
IL-34 promotes the development, survival, and function of microglia and Langerhans cells; therefore, this cytokine may predominately function in brain and skin biology.[review] PMID: 24737461
Circulating IL-34 levels in rheumatoid arthritis correlated with autoantibody production. PMID: 23996288
This study is the first to illustrate downstream transcriptional profiles and pathways of IL-34 in comparison with CSF-1 and identify notable differences in CCR2 expression. PMID: 23684409
These findings suggest that IL-34 may play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID: 23421370
Data suggest that CSF-1R-independent actions of IL-34 via receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTP-zeta) might be considered in evaluating IL-34 roles in development and disease. PMID: 23744080
the feline CSF-1R was cloned and the responsiveness to CSF-1 and IL-34 from a range of species, was examined. PMID: 23260168
IL-34 levels were significantly increased in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and positively correlated with hs-CRP levels, suggesting that IL-34 may be an independent predictor of CAD. PMID: 23206468
IL-34 as a nonredundant cytokine for the development of Langerhans cells during embryogenesis as well as for their homeostasis in the adult skin. PMID: 23177320
Data suggest a discrete role of IL-34 in inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diseases. PMID: 22264405
study identifies IL-34 expression in the synovial tissue of patients with arthritis; this cytokine, as a downstream effector of TNFalpha and IL-1beta, may contribute to inflammation and bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis PMID: 22039170
The different spatiotemporal expression of IL-34 and CSF-1 allows for complementary activation of the CSF-1R in developing and adult tissues. PMID: 20504948
Discovered IL-34 and its receptor CSF1 by functional screening of the extracellular proteome. PMID: 18467591
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Subcellular Location
Secreted.
Protein Families
IL-34 family
Tissue Specificity
Detected in the sinusoidal epithelium in the red pulp of spleen (at protein level). Predominantly expressed in spleen. Also detected in a range of other tissues including heart, brain, lung, liver, kidney, thymus, testis, ovary, small intestine, prostate