Product Details

Uniprot No.

P99999

Target Names

CYCS

Alternative Names

Cytochrome c, CYCS, CYC

Species Reactivity

Human, Mouse

Immunogen

A synthesized peptide from human CYCS protein

Immunogen Species

Homo sapiens (Human)

Conjugate

Non-conjugated

Clonality

Monoclonal

Isotype

Rabbit IgG

Clone No.

10C3

Purification Method

Affinity-chromatography

Concentration

It differs from different batches. Please contact us to confirm it.

Buffer

Rabbit IgG in 10mM phosphate buffered saline , pH 7.4, 150mM sodium chloride, 0.05% BSA, 0.02% sodium azide and 50% glycerol.

Form

Liquid

Tested Applications

ELISA, WB, IHC, FC

Recommended Dilution

Application	Recommended Dilution
WB	1:500-1:2000
IHC	1:50-1:200
FC	1:50-1:200

Protocols

ELISA Protocol
Western Blotting(WB) Protocol
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Protocol
Flow Cytometry (FC) Protocol

Troubleshooting and FAQs

Antibody FAQs

Storage

Upon receipt, store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze.

Lead Time

Basically, we can dispatch the products out in 1-3 working days after receiving your orders. Delivery time maybe differs from different purchasing way or location, please kindly consult your local distributors for specific delivery time.

Description

Cytochrome c serves as an essential component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and plays a pivotal role in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. When released from mitochondria into the cytosol, this small heme protein triggers caspase activation, making it a critical marker for studying programmed cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular stress responses across diverse research contexts.

This recombinant monoclonal antibody, clone 10C3, offers the reproducibility and consistency that demanding experimental workflows require. Generated against a synthetic peptide derived from human cytochrome c and produced using recombinant technology, this antibody provides sequence-defined specificity with minimal lot-to-lot variation, ensuring your results remain comparable across extended studies.

Validation testing demonstrates robust performance across multiple applications. Western blot analysis at 1:1000 dilution reveals a clean 12 kDa band matching the predicted molecular weight, with successful detection confirmed in human cell lines including A549, HEK293, HepG2, and Jurkat, as well as mouse kidney and tongue tissue lysates. This cross-species reactivity between human and mouse samples provides flexibility for researchers working with different model systems. Immunohistochemistry staining at 1:100 dilution shows clear cytoplasmic localization in paraffin-embedded human breast cancer and small intestine tissues using standard citrate buffer antigen retrieval. Flow cytometry validation in HeLa cells demonstrates effective intracellular detection of cytochrome c following fixation and permeabilization.

Whether investigating apoptotic signaling cascades, mitochondrial biology, or cellular metabolism, this affinity-purified rabbit IgG antibody delivers the specificity and application versatility needed for mechanistic studies in cancer research, neurodegenerative disease models, and metabolic investigations.

Usage

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

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Target Background

Function

Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.; Plays a role in apoptosis. Suppression of the anti-apoptotic members or activation of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family leads to altered mitochondrial membrane permeability resulting in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Binding of cytochrome c to Apaf-1 triggers the activation of caspase-9, which then accelerates apoptosis by activating other caspases.

Gene References into Functions

Cytochrome c was upregulated in the primary Sjogren's syndrome patients, indicating the potential role of cytochrome c in the pathogenesis and development of primary Sjogren's syndrome. PMID: 29257225
The caspase-8/Bid/cytochrome c axis links signals from death receptors to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. PMID: 28888620
This work reveals a direct conformational link between the 40-57 Omega-loop of cytochrome c in which residue 41 resides and the dynamical properties of the axial ligand to the heme iron. PMID: 27461282
The naturally occurring Y48H variant of cytochrome c in its oxidized heme state is more peroxidatic than either the Wild Type protein or the G41S variant that is also implicated in thrombocytopenia. PMID: 29083920
ROCK activation phosphorylated Rac1b at Ser71 and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by facilitating the interaction between Rac1b and cytochrome c. Conversely, ROCK inactivation abolished their interaction, concomitant with ROS reduction. PMID: 28317242
Data suggest that although HCCS mediates heme attachment to N-terminal cysteine in heme-attachment site (CXXXH) of cytochrome C variants, up to 50% of cytochrome C produced is modified in an oxygen-dependent manner, resulting in a mixed population of cytochrome c. [HCCS = holocytochrome c synthase] PMID: 28617588
Data suggest that the stronger effect of K72A mutation on the peroxidase activity of human versus yeast cytochrome c results from relief of steric interactions between side chains at positions 72 and 81 (Ile in human vs Ala in yeast), which suppresses the dynamics of omega-loop D necessary for the intrinsic peroxidase activity of cytochrome c. PMID: 28598148
These findings establish a framework for understanding the molecular basis of cytochrome c-mediated blocking of SET/TAF-Ibeta. PMID: 26216969
Monitoring of serum cytochrome c might also serve as a sensitive apoptotic marker in vivo reflecting chemotherapy-induced cell death burden in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. PMID: 25578497
G-Rh2 causes rapid and dramatic translocation of both Bak and Bax, which subsequently triggers mitochondrial cytochrome c release and consequent caspase activation. PMID: 23443079
The mitochondrial metalloprotease OMA1 was activated in a Bax- and Bak-dependent fashion. PMID: 25275009
In vitro ultrastructural changes of MCF-7 for metastasise bone cancer and induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome C released by CaCO3/Dox nanocrystals PMID: 25028650
a mechanism of multiple radical formations in the cytochrome c-phospholipid complexes under H2O2 treatment, consistent with the stabilization of the radical in the G41S mutant, which elicits a greater peroxidase activity from cytochrome c PMID: 24099549
proposed that mutation of residue 41, and interaction with cardiolipin, increase peroxidase activity by altering the 40-57 Omega loop and its hydrogen bond network with the propionate of haem ring A; these changes enhance access of hydrogen peroxide and substrate to the haem PMID: 24329121
Data indicate a novel missense mutation (Y48H) of the cytochrome c (CYCS) gene responsible for thrombocytopenia. PMID: 24326104
results suggest the impact of residue 41 on the conformation of cytochrome c influences its ability to act in both of its physiological roles, electron transport and caspase activation PMID: 23334161
structural characterization of cytochrome c in micelle PMID: 23070294
Data indicate that the formation of cytochrome c-Apaf-1 apoptosome and the presence of Smac are absolutely required for PSAP-induced apoptosis. PMID: 23207240
Spectroscopic analyses of HCCS alone and complexes of HCCS with site-directed variants of cytochrome c revealed the fundamental steps of heme attachment and maturation. PMID: 23150584
The levels of cellular apoptosis-associated proteins such as Smac/DIABLO, Cyto C, and the activated fragment of caspase-3 increased in pancreatic cancer cells, but the expression of XIAP was significantly decreased after 24 h treatment with the combination of TRAIL and gemcitabine. PMID: 22320973
CCN1 promotes the activation of p53 and p38 MAPK, which mediate enhanced cytochrome c release to amplify the cytotoxicity of TNFalpha. PMID: 22363611
Translocation of ARTS initiates a first wave of caspase activation leading to the subsequent release of additional mitochondrial factors, including cytochrome C and SMAC/Diablo. PMID: 21869827
Tyrosine phosphorylation turns alkaline transition into a biologically relevant process and makes human cytochrome c behave as an anti-apoptotic switch. PMID: 21706253
mitochondrial import and direct electron transfer from cytochrome c to Rac1 modulates mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production in alveolar macrophages pulmonary fibrosis. PMID: 22157762
Dynamic changes in cytochrome c distribution at the Raman band of 750 cm(-1) were observed after adding an apoptosis inducer to the cells. PMID: 22184220
Specific nitration of tyrosines 46 and 48 makes cytochrome c assemble a non-functional apoptosome. PMID: 22192356
Studies indicate that the CYCS mutation in TP Cargeegis a glycine 41 replacement by serine, which yields a cytochrome C variant with enhanced apoptotic pathway activity in vitro. PMID: 22102269
Data show that G-Rh2 and Bet A cooperated to induce Bax traslocation to mitochondria and cytochrome c release, and enhanced cleavage of caspase-8 and Bid. PMID: 21751259
Cerebrospinal fluid Bcl-2 and cytochrome C levels are elevated in adults after severe traumatic brain injury. PMID: 21448217
Resveratrol induces p53-independent, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-mediated Bax protein oligomerization on mitochondria to initiate cytochrome c release and caspase activation. PMID: 21712378
heme electronic structure change may ultimately be responsible for the enhanced proapoptotic activity of G41S mutated human cyt c PMID: 21192676
it is the specific nitration of solvent-exposed Tyr74 which enhances the peroxidase activity and blocks the ability of cytochrome c to activate caspase-9, thereby preventing the apoptosis signaling pathway PMID: 20227384
Data show that sorafenib initiated lethal apoptotic process through the release of cytochrome c and caspase 3/7 activation. PMID: 19770576
Serum LRG when bound to extracellular Cyt c that is released from apoptotic cells acts as a survival factor for lymphocytes and possibly other cells that are susceptible to the toxic effect of extracellular Cyt c. PMID: 19851871
NOA36/ZNF330 is translocated from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm when apoptosis is induced and that it contributes to cytochrome c release. PMID: 19895853
Membrane-associated XIAP induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization leading to cytochrome c and Smac release, which is dependent on Bax and Bak. PMID: 19875445
galectin-3 is enriched in the mitochondria and prevents mitochondrial damage and cytochrome c release PMID: 11839755
non-rare allelic variants of the Cyt c protein are absent in the populations analyzed in this study PMID: 16934433
Mutation of human cytochrome c enhances the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and causes thrombocytopenia PMID: 18345000
MICS1 individually functions in mitochondrial morphology and cytochrome c release. PMID: 18417609
Serum cyto-c is a potent tumor marker as a predictor for malignant potential in several different types of cancer. PMID: 18825408
Both neurons and cancer cells strictly inhibit cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis by a mechanism dependent on glucose metabolism. PMID: 19029908
In 77 Italian patients with inherited thrombocytopenia and clinical and laboratory features similar to those of patients with the CYCS missense (Gly41Ser) mutation, no alterations of the open reading frame were identified. PMID: 19172527
there was no evidence of somatic mutations of CYTOCHROME C in the cancers PMID: 19404857
No difference in the serum level of cytochrome c was seen among the the groups of patients with type 2 diabetes, controls or in subjects with IGT. PMID: 19640329

Hide All

Involvement in disease

Thrombocytopenia 4 (THC4)

Subcellular Location

Mitochondrion intermembrane space. Note=Loosely associated with the inner membrane.

Protein Families

Cytochrome c family

Database Links

HGNC: 19986

OMIM: 123970

KEGG: hsa:54205

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000307786

UniGene: Hs.437060

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Code	CSB-RA194672A0HU
Size	US$210
	Order now
Image	Western Blot Positive WB detected in: A549 whole cell lysate(30µg), HEK293 whole cell lysate(30µg), HepG2 whole cell lysate(30µg), Jurkat whole cell lysate(30µg), Mouse kidney tissue lysate(30µg), Mouse tongue tissue lysate(30µg) All lanes: Cytochrome C antibody at 1:1000 Secondary Goat polyclonal to rabbit IgG at 1/40000 dilution Predicted band size: 12 kDa Observed band size: 12 kDa Exposure time：2min IHC image of CSB-RA194672A0HU diluted at 1:100 and staining in paraffin-embedded human breast cancer performed on a Leica BondTM system. After dewaxing and hydration, antigen retrieval was mediated by high pressure in a citrate buffer (pH 6.0). Section was blocked with 10% normal goat serum 30min at RT. Then primary antibody (1% BSA) was incubated at 4°C overnight. The primary is detected by a Goat anti-rabbit polymer IgG labeled by HRP and visualized using 0.05% DAB. IHC image of CSB-RA194672A0HU diluted at 1:100 and staining in paraffin-embedded human small intestine tissue performed on a Leica BondTM system. After dewaxing and hydration, antigen retrieval was mediated by high pressure in a citrate buffer (pH 6.0). Section was blocked with 10% normal goat serum 30min at RT. Then primary antibody (1% BSA) was incubated at 4°C overnight. The primary is detected by a Goat anti-rabbit polymer IgG labeled by HRP and visualized using 0.05% DAB. Overlay Peak curve showing Hela cells stained with CSB-RA194672A0HU (red line) at 1:100. The cells were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and permeated by 0.2% TritonX-100 for 10min. Then 10% normal goat serum to block non-specific protein-protein interactions followed by the antibody (1ug/110⁶cells) for 45min at 4℃. The secondary antibody used was FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) at 1/200 dilution for 35min at 4℃.Control antibody (green line) was Rabbit IgG (1ug/110⁶cells) used under the same conditions. Acquisition of >10,000 events was performed.
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CYCS Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody

Product Details

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Target Background