Product Details

Purity

>98% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Endotoxin

Less than 1.0 EU/μg as determined by LAL method.

Activity

Fully biologically active when compared to standard. The biological activity as determined by stimulation of IL-8 production using human PBMC is in a concentration range of 0.1-10 ng/ml.

Target Names

TNFSF18

Uniprot No.

Q9UNG2

Research Area

Cancer

Alternative Names

Activation inducible TNF related ligand; Activation-inducible TNF-related ligand; AITR ligand; AITRL; GITR ligand; GITRL; Glucocorticoid induced TNF related ligand; Glucocorticoid induced TNFR related protein ligand; Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related ligand; hGITRL; MGC138237; TL6; TNF18_HUMAN; TNFSF18; TNLG2A; Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 18; Tumor necrosis factor ligand 2A; Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 18

Species

Homo sapiens (Human)

Source

E.coli

Expression Region

74-199aa

Complete Sequence

ETAKEPCMAK FGPLPSKWQM ASSEPPCVNK VSDWKLEILQ NGLYLIYGQV APNANYNDVA PFEVRLYKNK DMIQTLTNKS KIQNVGGTYE LHVGDTIDLI FNSEHQVLKN NTYWGIILLA NPQFIS

Mol. Weight

14.3 kDa

Protein Length

Partial

Tag Info

Tag-Free

Form

Lyophilized powder

Buffer

Lyophilized from a 0.2 m filtered PBS, pH 7.4

Reconstitution

We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Please reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL.We recommend to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. Our default final concentration of glycerol is 50%. Customers could use it as reference.

Troubleshooting and FAQs

Protein FAQs

Storage Condition

Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Shelf Life

The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself.
Generally, the shelf life of liquid form is 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. The shelf life of lyophilized form is 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.

Lead Time

5-10 business days

Notes

Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Datasheet & COA

Please contact us to get it.

Description

TNFSF18 (GITRL) engages the GITR receptor on T cells to modulate co-stimulatory signaling relevant to tumor immunology and regulatory T-cell biology. This tag-free recombinant human TNFSF18, spanning residues 74–199, stimulates IL-8 production in human PBMCs at concentrations of 0.1–10 ng/mL, confirming potent NF-κB pathway activation suitable for cell-based functional assays, GITR-dependent T-cell co-stimulation studies, and reference standardization in cytokine detection platforms. Endotoxin levels below 1.0 EU/μg eliminate LPS-driven artifacts that would otherwise confound immune cell activation readouts, making this preparation appropriate for in vivo tumor models and antibody development workflows requiring a reliable coating antigen or positive control. Purity exceeding 98% by SDS-PAGE, combined with this stringent endotoxin control, supports use in signaling pathway dissection and proliferation assays where activity must be unambiguously attributed to GITRL engagement.

Target Background

Function

Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF18/AITR/GITR. Regulates T-cell responses. Can function as costimulator and lower the threshold for T-cell activation and T-cell proliferation. Important for interactions between activated T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Mediates activation of NF-kappa-B. Triggers increased phosphorylation of STAT1 and up-regulates expression of VCAM1 and ICAM1. Promotes leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Regulates migration of monocytes from the splenic reservoir to sites of inflammation.

Gene References into Functions

GITRL levels are significantly elevated in rheumatoid arthritis serum and synovial fluid and are positively correlated with autoantibody production in rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting a role of GITRL in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID: 27098050
GITRL modulates the activities of p38 MAPK and STAT3 to promote Th17 cell differentiation in autoimmune arthritis. PMID: 26657118
An increase in GITRL may impair the balance of Th17/Treg, and contribute to the pathopoiesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. PMID: 25429429
Serum GITRL levels were higher in SLE patients. PMID: 23251213
Glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related ligand (GITRL) confers pseudoexpression to tumor cells by platelets, which results in GITRL expression by megakaryocytes and their platelet progeny. PMID: 22649191
observation suggests a link between cytokine-regulated keratinocyte GITRL expression and its role in inflammatory responses in AD PMID: 22417213
GITRL upregulation induced by IFN-beta on dendritic cells downregulates CTLA-4 on regulatory T (Treg) cells, facilitating proliferation of anergic Treg cells in multiple sclerosis treatment of multiple sclerosis patients. PMID: 22112394
GITRL expression on Kupffer cells may mediate acute rejection in liver transplantation PMID: 21693309
The incorporation of an isoleucine zipper motif could markedly improve the costimulation of hsGITRL. PMID: 20228835
Upregulation by proinflammatory cytokines suggests GITRL may play important role in ocular immunity. High level of constitutive GITRL expression on photoreceptor inner segments suggests photoreceptors participate in regulation of ocular inflammation. PMID: 15326137
Regulates ossteoclasst genersation and substantiate the major role played by the endothelium in bone physiology. PMID: 16179414
Using a GITRL-transfected cell line, we demonstrate that GITRL promotes NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma production. PMID: 16397134
GITRL could be a potential candidate for regulation of the ocular immune privilege and the balance between immune privilege and inflammation PMID: 16874737
Constitutive expression of GITRL by tumor cells diminishes natural killer cell antitumor immunity. PMID: 17360848
although huGITRL is not capable of alleviating Treg suppression of responder T cells, huGITRL overexpression on monocyte-derived DC enhances their capacity to induce antigen-specific T cell responses PMID: 17449724
These observations raise the possibility that the GITRL-mediated inflammatory activation of macrophages is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. PMID: 17602748
Levels of AITRL were significantly increased in serum of breast cancer patients PMID: 17914571
hGITRL ectodomain displays considerable self-association/dissociation in solution with a dynamic equilibrium between trimeric and monomeric forms over the range of protein concentrations studied. PMID: 18040044
identify multiple oligomeric species of hGITRL that possess distinct kinetics of ERK activation. PMID: 18378892
The strong correlation of tumor incidence and elevated soluble GITRL levels indicates that soluble GITRL is released from cancers in vivo, leading to impaired NK cell immunosurveillance of tumors PMID: 18689545

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Subcellular Location

Cell membrane; Single-pass type II membrane protein.

Protein Families

Tumor necrosis factor family

Tissue Specificity

Expressed at high levels in the small intestine, ovary, testis, kidney and endothelial cells.

Database Links

HGNC: 11932

OMIM: 603898

KEGG: hsa:8995

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000385470

UniGene: Hs.248197

Code	CSB-AP002351HU
Abbreviation	Recombinant Human TNFSF18 protein, partial (Active)
MSDS	MSDS Datasheet
Size	$142
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Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 18 protein (TNFSF18), partial (Active)

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