The recombinant human CSF2 protein is a highly pure product, with a purity greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE. This protein is active, with an ED50 value of 28.1-63.8 pg/mL, based on its ability to stimulate the proliferation of human TF-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. It is expressed in mammalian cells, and its expression region corresponds to the amino acids 18 to 144 of the full-length mature CSF2 protein. The recombinant CSF2 protein is N-terminally tagged with a 6xHis-tag for easy detection and purification.
Human CSF2 (GM-CSF) is a critical cytokine regulating hematopoiesis and immune responses. CSF2 plays a pivotal role in the proliferation, differentiation, and function of granulocytes and macrophages, making it essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and responding to inflammation [1]. CSF2 is also involved in bone metabolism and remodeling. Research indicates that CSF2 influences osteoclast differentiation, which is crucial for bone resorption and remodeling [2].
The dysregulation of CSF2 can lead to various diseases, making it a potential target for therapeutic interventions in conditions characterized by excessive inflammation or immune dysfunction. Elevated levels of CSF2 have been associated with poor prognosis in several cancers, including glioblastoma and urothelial carcinoma, where its expression correlates with enhanced tumor growth and immunosuppressive microenvironments [3][4]. In glioblastoma, CSF2 is upregulated and linked to the survival of patients, suggesting its role in tumor progression and immune evasion [3]. Furthermore, in the context of COVID-19, CSF2 has been identified as a marker of severe disease, with increased levels correlating with heightened inflammatory responses [5][6].
References:
[1] Y. Tanaka. Up-regulated expression of icam1, mt1a, ptgs2, lce3d, ppard, and gm-csf2 following solar skincare protection and repair strategies in a 3-dimensional reconstructed human skin model, Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, vol. Volume 16, p. 2829-2839, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.s428170
[2] Y. Zhou. M2 macrophages-derived exosomes regulate osteoclast differentiation by the csf2/tnf-α axis, BMC Oral Health, vol. 24, no. 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03842-x
[3] C. Xie, D. Lu, M. Xu, Z. Qu, W. Zhang, & H. Wang. Knockdown of rad18 inhibits glioblastoma development, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 234, no. 11, p. 21100-21112, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28713
[4] Y. Lee, W. Wu, C. Huang, C. Li, W. Li, B. Yeh, et al. Csf2 overexpression is associated with stat5 phosphorylation and poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma, Journal of Cancer, vol. 7, no. 6, p. 711-721, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.14281
[5] L. Xiong, J. Cao, S. Chen, M. Wu, C. Wang, H. Xu, et al. Exploring the mechanism of action of xuanfei baidu granule (xfbd) in the treatment of covid-19 based on molecular docking and molecular dynamics, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol. 12, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.965273
[6] D. Chandrashekar, M. Athar, U. Manne, & S. Varambally. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal genes associated with sars-cov-2 infection of human lung epithelial cells, Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95733-w
