Product Details

Purity

Greater than 95% as determined by SDS-PAGE.

Endotoxin

Less than 1.0 EU/ug as determined by LAL method.

Activity

The ED50 as determined by the dose-dependent stimulation of the proliferation of human TF-1 cells is 21.07-35.48 pg/mL.

Target Names

CSF2

Uniprot No.

P04141

Alternative Names

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF; Colony-stimulating factor (CSF); Molgramostin; Sargramostim

Species

Homo sapiens (Human)

Source

Yeast

Expression Region

18-144aa

Target Protein Sequence

APARSPSPSTQPWEHVNAIQEARRLLNLSRDTAAEMNETVEVISEMFDLQEPTCLQTRLELYKQGLRGSLTKLKGPLTMMASHYKQHCPPTPETSCATQIITFESFKENLKDFLLVIPFDCWEPVQE

Mol. Weight

17.1 kDa

Protein Length

Full Length of Mature Protein

Tag Info

N-terminal 6xHis-tagged

Form

Lyophilized powder
Note: We will preferentially ship the format that we have in stock, however, if you have any special requirement for the format, please remark your requirement when placing the order, we will prepare according to your demand.

Buffer

Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered PBS, 6% Trehalose, pH 7.4

Reconstitution

We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Please reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL.We recommend to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20°C/-80°C. Our default final concentration of glycerol is 50%. Customers could use it as reference.

Troubleshooting and FAQs

Protein FAQs

Storage Condition

Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Shelf Life

The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself.
Generally, the shelf life of liquid form is 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. The shelf life of lyophilized form is 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.

Lead Time

3-7 business days

Notes

Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.

Datasheet & COA

Please contact us to get it.

Description

The recombinant human CSF2 protein is produced using a yeast expression system. Its expression region corresponds to the amino acids 18 to 144 of the full-length mature human CSF2 protein. This recombinant human CSF2 protein is N-terminally tagged with a 6xHis-tag for easy detection and purification. It has a purity of over 95%, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and contains less than 1.0 EU/µg endotoxin, as determined by the LAL method. The recombinant CSF2 protein shows strong biological activity, with an ED₅₀ value of 21.07-35.48 pg/mL, measured by its ability to stimulate the proliferation of human TF-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Human CSF2 is a crucial cytokine produced by various cells, including macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. It plays a multifaceted role in regulating hematopoiesis, immune response, and tissue repair. CSF2 stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of myeloid progenitor cells, which include granulocytes and monocytes, thereby influencing the immune system's capacity to respond to pathogens and inflammation [1][2]. CSF2 is also involved in tissue repair and regeneration. Studies have shown that CSF2 enhances the expression of extracellular matrix proteins and promotes keratinocyte proliferation, which is vital for wound healing. CSF2 has protective effects on embryonic development, as it can inhibit apoptosis in preimplantation embryos, suggesting its role in early developmental processes [3].

CSF2 acts through specific receptors, primarily the CSF2R, which activates several intracellular signaling pathways, including the JAK-STAT pathway, MAPK pathway, and PI3K-AKT pathway, which are critical for mediating the effects of CSF2 on cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival [1][4][5][6].

CSF2 is implicated in various pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases and cancers. Its expression can be upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli, leading to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [7]. In the context of cancer, CSF2 can promote tumor cell survival and proliferation through its signaling pathways, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention [1][7].

References:
[1] Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, M. Xu, X. Zheng, M. Lin, J. Pan, et al. Demethylation and Overexpression of CSF2 are Involved in Immune Response, Chemotherapy Resistance, and Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Oncotargets and Therapy, vol. Volume 12, p. 11255-11269, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2147/ott.s216829
[2] Y. Ge, K. LaFiura, A. Dombkowski, Q. Chen, S. Payton, S. Buck, et al. The role of the proto-oncogene ets2 in acute megakaryocytic leukemia biology and therapy, Leukemia, vol. 22, no. 3, p. 521-529, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2405066
[3] B. Loureiro, L. Oliveira, M. Favoreto, & P. Hansen. Colony-stimulating factor 2 inhibits induction of apoptosis in the bovine preimplantation embryo, American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, vol. 65, no. 6, p. 578-588, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00953.x
[4] M. Zhang, F. Liu, P. Zhou, Q. Wang, C. Xu, Y. Li, et al. The mtor signaling pathway regulates macrophage differentiation from mouse myeloid progenitors by inhibiting autophagy, Autophagy, vol. 15, no. 7, p. 1150-1162, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2019.1578040
[5] L. Xiong, J. Cao, S. Chen, M. Wu, C. Wang, H. Xu, et al. Exploring the mechanism of action of xuanfei baidu granule (xfbd) in the treatment of covid-19 based on molecular docking and molecular dynamics, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, vol. 12, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.965273
[6] Y. Lee, W. Wu, C. Huang, C. Li, W. Li, B. Yeh, et al. Csf2 overexpression is associated with stat5 phosphorylation and poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma, Journal of Cancer, vol. 7, no. 6, p. 711-721, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.14281
[7] X. He, L. Wang, H. Li, Y. Liu, C. Tong, C. Xie, et al. Csf2 upregulates cxcl3 expression in adipocytes to promote metastasis of breast cancer via the fak signaling pathway, Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 15, no. 4, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjad025

Target Background

Function

Cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes.

Gene References into Functions

GM-CSF could be induced by M. pneumoniae infection in vivo and vitro. Childen with high level GM-CSF had longer duration of fever. GM-CSF probably plays a vital role in neutrophil inflammation in M. pneumoniae infection. PMID: 30007865
Data show that CD4 T cells from synovial fluid are enriched for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production, suggests that the GM-CSF programme may be a primary pathogenic process. PMID: 29142230
GM-CSF bioavailability plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Decreased bioavailability coupled with the genetic risk markers and/or smoking results in aggressive ileal Crohn's disease behavior. PMID: 29434451
Data show that GIF (ORF117 ) serves as a competitive decoy receptor by leveraging binding hotspots underlying the cognate receptor interactions of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). PMID: 27819269
As translated to human disease, these findings suggest vaccine-mediated expansion of GM-CSF-producing T cells could be an effective prophylactic or therapeutic TB strategy. PMID: 29233902
In a subset of patients who received GM-CSF, circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and anti-GM-CSF-neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) were also modulated. The majority of patients developed anti-GM-CSF Nabs, which correlated with improved RFS and OS PMID: 28536308
this study shows that cortisol inhibits CSF2 via DNA methylation and inhibits invasion in first-trimester trophoblast cells PMID: 28846166
Oral and periodontal innate immunity is affected by HIV viremia and ART. GCF IL-8, G-CSF, as well as serum IL-8, MCP-1 and GM-CSF may be useful biomarkers for the detection of disease presence and/or its severity due to HIV infection and ART use. PMID: 28043030
This review summarizes a number of findings to provide the currently available information regarding the anticancer immune response of GM-CSG. [review] PMID: 27364892
Data suggest that the intratumoral GM-CSF expression, as a potentially independent prognostic biomarker for recurrence, might improve conventional clinical and pathologic analysis to refine outcome prediction for clinically localized clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients after surgery. PMID: 27016418
High GM-CSF expression is associated with breast Cancer. PMID: 28754674
In gastric cancer (GC), tumour-derived GM-CSF activated neutrophils and induced neutrophil PD-L1 expression via Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling pathway. The activated PD-L1(+) neutrophils effectively suppressed normal T-cell immunity in vitro and contributed to the growth and progression of human GC in vivo. PMID: 28274999
The IL-3/ GM-CSF effected on the myofibroblastic differentiation of human adipose derive stromal cells (hASCs) as well as it did on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). PMID: 28377320
Obesity alters the lung neutrophil infiltration to enhance breast cancer metastasis through IL5 and GM-CSF. PMID: 28737771
Data suggest that the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an effective recombinant host for heterologous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) production. PMID: 28376863
Letter: Knockdown of either filaggrin or loricrin increases the productions of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-8, IL-18 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in stratified human keratinocytes. PMID: 26381575
Impaired RASGRF1/ERK-mediated GM-CSF response characterizes CARD9 deficiency in French-Canadians. PMID: 26521038
Honokiol could possess potential anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits TNF-alpha-induced IL-1beta, GM-CSF and IL-8 production in PBMCs from rheumatoid arthritis patients. PMID: 26339358
The canonical NFkappaB signaling in fibroblasts, but not in tumor cells, was shown to be responsible for the induced and constitutive CSF2 expression. PMID: 25919140
GM-CSF primes IL-13 production by macrophages via PAR-2. PMID: 25633855
analysis of an IL2RA polymorphism that controls GM-CSF production in human TH cells PMID: 25278028
NFKBIZ gene knockdown in bronchial epithelial cells suppresses the release of IL-1b-induced IL-6 and GMCSF. PMID: 25629767
CFH Y402H polymorphism is associated with elevated vitreal GM-CSF and choroidal macrophages in the postmortem human eye. PMID: 25814824
Influenza infection stimulates the secretion of IL-8 and GM-CSF by alveolar epithelial cells. PMID: 26033355
Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenopathy syndrome febrile episodes are characterized by activation of GM-CSF and IL-8 with Th1 skewing. PMID: 24670131
activation of STAT3 induces the expression of GM-CSFRa that protects CLL cells from apoptosis, suggesting that inhibition of STAT3 or GM-CSFRa may benefit patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia PMID: 24836891
G-CSF- or GM-CSF-secreting cancers, albeit not very common are, however, among the most rapidly advancing ones due to a cytokine-mediated immune suppression and angiogenesis. [Review] PMID: 24692240
Treatment with GM-CSF increased the expression of vimentin and ZEB1, similar to TGF-b1 treatment, and decreased the expression of E-cadherin. Our results suggest that GM-CSF could induce EMT in human HERS/ERM cells. PMID: 24258001
GM-CSF polymorphism may be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. PMID: 24117406
The association of GM-CSF expression with systemic inflammation highlights the potential role of Th17-related cytokines in the pathology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. PMID: 24692225
M-CSF induces macrophage transformation by upregulating c-Jun with a certain synergy of NFkappaB. PMID: 24100343
The detection of basal level of IgM rheumatoid factor, IgM and also certain cytokines can be useful in prognosis of effectiveness of rituximab therapy under rheumatoid arthritis. PMID: 25080789
Cytokines and signaling molecules predict clinical outcomes in sepsis. PMID: 24244449
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor produces long-term changes in gene and microRNA expression profiles in CD34+ cells from healthy donors. PMID: 24056818
mesenchymal-like breast cancer cells activate macrophages to a tumor-associated macrophage-like phenotype by GM-CSF. PMID: 24823638
The comparison between the cytokine profiles of ET and PV patients showed a statistically significant increase of IL-4, IL-8, GM-CSF, interferon -gamma, MCP-1, PDGF-BB, and VEGF in the ET group PMID: 24463275
Data indicate that differentially expressed IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 levels are associated with K-ras in a stage-specific fashion along colorectal cancer progression and an association was established between mutant K-ras and GM-CSF and IFN-gamma. PMID: 24040001
in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group, significantly higher IL-4 level on the first and the third post dengue virus infection days, while higher IL-10 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were detected on the third postinfection day. PMID: 24078930
loss of BMPR2 induced prolonged phospho-p38 MAPK in response to TNF, and this increased GADD34-PP1 phosphatase activity, dephosphorylating eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF2alpha), and derepressing GM-CSF mRNA translation PMID: 24446489
Since GM-CSF plays an important role during pregnancy, the reduced levels of GM-CSF in the cervico-vaginal fluid of human papillomavirus(+) women might contribute to explain the reduced live birth rate. PMID: 23920355
SECTM1 secreted from bone marrow stromal cells may interact with CD7 to influence GM-CSF expression in leukemic cells. PMID: 24211252
Describe GM-CSF ELISA for routine clinical diagnosis of autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. PMID: 24275678
The data presented suggest that -677C/A in the promoter region of the GM-CSF gene does not play a role in acne pathogenesis. PMID: 23069312
CBL linker and RING finger mutants lead to enhanced GM-CSF signaling due to elevated kinase expression, which can be blocked using small molecule inhibitors targeting specific downstream pathways. PMID: 23696637
impairment of NFATC2-calcineurin interaction promotes megakaryocyte proliferation through up-regulation of CSF2 transcription PMID: 22911897
Overexpression of a nonphosphorylatable MT1-MMP mutant (Y573F) abrogates CSF-2 and CSF-3 transcriptional increases. PMID: 23548906
GM-CSF contributes to aortic aneurysms resulting from SMAD3 deficiency PMID: 23585475
Within pediatric Crohn disease, neutrophil GM-CSF-dependent STAT5 activation and bacterial killing were reduced as GM-CSF autoantibodies increased. PMID: 23600834
This study demonistrated that GMCSF is downregulation in brain in patient with Alzheimer's disease. PMID: 22430742
IL-27 suppresss GM-CSF production under nonpolarizing and T helper (Th)1 cell, but not T helper (Th)17 cell conditions, in both murine and human cultures. PMID: 22837488

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Subcellular Location

Secreted.

Protein Families

GM-CSF family

Database Links

HGNC: 2434

OMIM: 138960

KEGG: hsa:1437

STRING: 9606.ENSP00000296871

UniGene: Hs.1349

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Code	CSB-YP006045HU
MSDS	MSDS Datasheet
Size	$250
	Order now
Image	(Tris-Glycine gel) Discontinuous SDS-PAGE (reduced) with 5% enrichment gel and 15% separation gel. Activity The ED₅₀ as determined by the dose-dependent stimulation of the proliferation of human TF-1 cells is 21.07-35.48 pg/mL. Biological Activity Assay
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Recombinant Human Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF2) (Active)

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