CCR5: A "Multi-Identity" Chemokine Receptor — From HIV Cure to Cancer Immunotherapy and Neural Repair, A Cross-Disciplinary Star Target!The chemokine receptor CCR5 (C-C chemokine receptor type 5, CD195) gained fame for its critical role in HIV infection—it was once the "essential gateway" for HIV entry into host cells, making it a core target for anti-...
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Beyond PD-1: CD96 is Becoming the Next "Battleground" in ImmunotherapyCD96 has emerged as a highly regarded immune checkpoint molecule in recent years, demonstrating increasing value in maintaining immune homeostasis and in disease treatment. This article systematically reviews the molecul...
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Beyond PD-1/CTLA-4! The Emerging Immune Checkpoint CD160 is Transforming the Landscape of Tumor Immunotherapy1. What is CD160? CD160 is a membrane molecule closely associated with immune regulation, primarily distributed on immune cells such as NK cells, certain T cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes. In rece...
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The CD200/CD200R Signaling Axis: A Critical “Brake” in Maintaining Immune HomeostasisCD200 (also known as OX-2) is an important immunosuppressive molecule belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It mediates negative immune regulation through binding to its receptor, CD200R, playing a critical role i...
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CD74: From MHC II Chaperone to Therapeutic Target - Molecular Mechanisms, Disease Associations and Therapeutic AdvancesCD74 is the classic chaperone protein of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules and plays a key role in antigen presentation and adaptive immunity. Recent studies have shown that CD74 is also an imp...
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2): Molecular Mechanisms, Signaling Pathways, Disease Associations and Therapeutic AdvancesFibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a multifunctional growth factor widely involved in processes such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and tumor progression. This article systematically reviews the mo...
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CD40LG: A Key Molecule in Immune Regulation, Disease Associations and Therapeutic ProgressCD40LG (CD154) is a key co-stimulatory molecule in the TNF superfamily, playing a central role in T cell-dependent B cell activation, antibody class switching, and immune memory formation. This article systematically rev...
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CD19: Molecular Mechanisms, Disease Associations and Progress in Targeted TherapyCD19 is a critical molecule in B cell development and immune response, and has recently emerged as a core therapeutic target for B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. This article systematically reviews the biolog...
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CD33 (Siglec-3) Signaling Pathways and Disease Mechanisms: Roles in Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Alzheimer’s Disease and Immune RegulationCD33 (Siglec-3) is an important member of the Siglec family, primarily expressed on the surface of myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. As an inhibitory immune receptor, CD33 mediates signal...
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CD4 Molecule: A Review of Structural Characteristics, T Cell Subsets, Signaling Pathways, Disease Associations and Progress in Targeted Drug DevelopmentCD4 is a key molecule on the surface of helper T cells and plays a central role in adaptive immune responses. This article systematically reviews the structure and function of CD4, the differentiation and regulatory mech...
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