What You Should Know The Common Sense of NeurodegenerationNeurodegeneration is a series of neurological diseases caused by the loss of nerve structure and function and will be worsen over time. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) are highly damaging brain lesions and have graduall...
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What You Have to Know about ExosomesThe exosomes are vesicles secreted by the living cells to the extracellular space, with a diameter of 30-150 nm and a density of 1.13-1.19 g/mL. Almost all types of cells in the human body produce exosomes, which are nea...
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The Overview of OrganellesAn organelle is a specialized subunit that performs specific functions within a cell. Organelles are embedded within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In the more complex eukaryotic cells, organelles are...
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Do You Really Know TGF-β Superfamily?Since the discovery of the first member of TGF-β family in the early 1980s, related members have been identified and functionally characterized, in a superfamily now numbering more than 30 ligands in mammals. The TGF-β ...
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Double-Edged Sword: TGF-βTGF-β is a growth factor with multi-function on target cells. Almost every cell in the body produces TGF-β and has its receptor. It plays an important regulatory role in the differentiation of tissues and cells, and ca...
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PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway and CancerThe phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway is an intracellular signal transduction pathway important in regulating metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis and is activated b...
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The Encyclopedia of Common VirusVirus, a small size and simple composition infectious agent that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria. The name is derived from a Latin word meaning “slimy liquid” or “poison.” Origin...
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Do You Really Know Neurons and Glia Cells in Nerve System?The nervous system is a system that plays a leading role in the regulation of physiological function. It is mainly composed of nerve tissue and is divided into two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral ner...
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The overview of TGF-β signaling pathwayTransforming growth factor β signaling pathway is a series of signal transduction processes mediated by transforming growth factor. TGF-β signaling pathway plays a key role in cell proliferation, interstitial productio...
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What Is an Antibody?Antibodies are a special type of proteins essential to our health. For example, antibodies help our bodies get rid of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites so that we can stay healthy. When 'antibody' is men...
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