FLT1 (VEGFR-1): A Bidirectional Regulator of Angiogenesis and an Emerging Therapeutic TargetThe vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) family has long been a focus of therapeutic interest. Among them, FLT1 (VEGFR-1) stands out for its unique role as a "bidirectional regulator." FLT1 is far more tha...
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Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α1 Subunit (CHRNA1): Structure, Functional Mechanisms, and Disease-Related Research Progress1. Background of CHRNA1 1.1 Molecular Structure and Functional Characteristics The CHRNA1 gene is located on human chromosome 2q31.1 and encodes the α1 subunit of the nicotinic acetylchol...
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PTPRD: The Overlooked Signaling Hub from Neurodevelopment to Cancer SuppressionProtein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D (PTPRD) is a key member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family, belonging to the transmembrane receptor-type phosphatases. It precisely regulates diverse intracellul...
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Accelerating Diverse Antibody Discovery: The Power of Single B Cell PlatformsThe landscape of therapeutic antibody discovery has undergone a revolutionary transformation since Emil von Behring's antitoxin concept (1890) [1] and the seminal hybridoma technology by Köhler and Milstein (1975) [2]. ...
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SEZ6: A New Therapeutic Target for Neuroendocrine Tumors with Multiple ADCs in Clinical Development1. What is SEZ6？ Seizure-related 6 homolog (SEZ6) is a transmembrane protein initially discovered due to its association with epilepsy [1]. The gene is located on chromosome 17q21.33 and encodes a prot...
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Targeting the "Hidden Target" ROR1: A Breakthrough for Broad-Spectrum Cancer Therapy?1. What is ROR1？ Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the ROR family. Its structure comprises extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains, cystei...
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): A Key Target for Regulating Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism and Skeletal Health1. What is PTH Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the principal hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands and is essential for maintaining calcium-phosphate homeostasis. It critically regulates bone metabolis...
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LAG3: The Next Frontier in Tumor Immunotherapy1. What is LAG3？ Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3, CD223) is an important immune checkpoint molecule that was first cloned in 1990. Its gene shares approximately 20% homology with the CD4 gene, encod...
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Interleukin-2 (IL2): The "Double-Edged Sword" of the Immune System1. What is Interleukin-2 (IL2)? Interleukin-2 (IL2) is a key immunoregulatory cytokine initially discovered for its ability to promote T cell proliferation. It plays a “double-edged sword” role in th...
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TSLP: A Key Target in Allergic and Inflammatory DiseasesThymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pleiotropic cytokine primarily secreted by epithelial cells in response to environmental stimuli such as allergens, viruses, or pollutants. It plays a pivotal role in immune regul...
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