CCL5

CCL5 (Chemokine C-C motif ligand 5), also known as RANTES (Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted), is a pro-inflammatory chemokine primarily secreted by T lymphocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells. It mediates immune cell recruitment by binding to G-protein-coupled receptors CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5, facilitating chemotaxis of monocytes, eosinophils, and memory T cells to inflammatory sites. CCL5 activates multiple signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT, which regulate leukocyte migration, cytokine release, and tissue remodeling. Dysregulation of CCL5 is implicated in HIV progression (via CCR5 co-receptor competition), rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer metastasis. Therapeutic strategies targeting CCL5 or its receptors include the FDA-approved CCR5 antagonist maraviroc for HIV, while investigational anti-CCL5 monoclonal antibodies (e.g., Bertilimumab) and small-molecule inhibitors are in Phase II trials for autoimmune diseases and solid tumors. Recent studies also explore its dual role in tumor immunosuppression and angiogenesis modulation.