What Are Immune Checkpoints?Immune checkpoints, molecules in the immune system, are regulators of immune activation by regulating the antigen recognition of T cell receptor (TCR) in the process of immune response. They play a key role in maintainin...
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What Are Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors?Our immune system keeps us from disease, killing bacteria and viruses. T cell is one main type of immune cell. Proteins on the surface of T cells, called immune checkpoints, aim to turn on an immune response or turn it o...
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What Are Immune Checkpoint Proteins?As described in the question- What is an immune checkpoint? Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These immune checkpoints are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking...
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What Are Immune Checkpoint Pathways?Tumor immune micro-environment includes a wide range of complex interactions between tumor cell, immune cells (antigen presenting cells, T cell, NK cell, B cell, etc.), and tumor stroma. Host immune response against tumo...
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A "trembling" Parkinson's DiseaseParkinson's disease (PD) was first described in 1817 by the British Dr. James Parkinson in his "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy", where he described six patients suffered from a neurological disorder characterized by emaci...
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One World, One Hope——What Can We Do about AIDS?Figure 1 AIDS Red Ribbon Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that belongs to the class of retroviruses. HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system. It takes CD4 T lymphoc...
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Exploring Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Guide for ResearchersThe term "neurodegeneration" consists of the prefix "neuro-," indicating a connection to nerves or the nervous system, and "-degeneration," which, in this context, refers to a process of declining from a higher to a lowe...
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The Overview of OrganellesAn organelle is a specialized subunit that performs specific functions within a cell. Organelles are embedded within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In the more complex eukaryotic cells, organelles are...
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Do You Really Know TGF-β Superfamily?Since the discovery of the first member of TGF-β family in the early 1980s, related members have been identified and functionally characterized, in a superfamily now numbering more than 30 ligands in mammals. The TGF-β ...
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Double-Edged Sword: TGF-βTGF-β is a growth factor with multi-function on target cells. Almost every cell in the body produces TGF-β and has its receptor. It plays an important regulatory role in the differentiation of tissues and cells, and ca...
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