An organelle is a specialized subunit that performs specific functions within a cell. Organelles are embedded within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In the more complex eukaryotic cells, organelles are often separately enclosed by their own lipid bilayers. Analogous to the body's internal organs, organelles are specialized and perform valuable functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from generating energy for a cell to controlling the cell's growth and reproduction.
Organelle Markers refer to a series of proteins which belong organelle itself specifically. These markers play a critical role in the research of organelle function and related diseases caused by organelle metabolic disorder. We collect the organelle markers in animal cells as shown in the figure 1.
Fig. 1. Components of a typical animal cell
Both animal and plant cells contains a nucleolus, which is a small body in the nucleus of a cell that contains protein and RNA and is the site for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and for the formation of ribosomal subunits.
The nuclear membrane is the membrane inside a cell around the nucleus. It has the genetic material (chromosomes and DNA) and the nucleolus inside it. The membrane forms a double layer called the nuclear envelope.
A tiny, somewhat mitten-shaped organelle occurring in great numbers in the cell cytoplasm either freely, in small clusters, or attached to the outer surfaces of endoplasmic reticula, and functioning as the site of protein manufacture.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle, is an interconnected network of flattened sacs or tubes encased in membranes. These membranes are continuous, joining with the outer membrane of the nuclear membrane. All eukaryotic cells contain an ER, except red blood cells and sperm cells.
Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body, membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae.
A cytoskeleton Widely exists in the cytoplasm of all cells, including bacteria and archaea. It is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments that extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane.
Mitochondrion, membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei), the primary function of which is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Centrosome is an organelle near the nucleus in the cytoplasm, which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.
Chromatin is a mass of genetic material composed of DNA, proteins and RNA that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. Chromatin is located in the nucleus of our cells.
Endosome, formed by a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis, is a membrane-bound vesicle. It can be found in the cytoplasm of virtually every animal cell. The basic mechanism of endocytosis is the reverse of what occurs during exocytosis or cellular secretion. The most common markers of endosome include AP2S1, CLTB and EEA1.
Exosome, described as such 30 years ago firstly, is released from cells upon fusion of an intermediate endocytic compartment, the multivesicular body (MVB), with the plasma membrane. The most common markers of exosome are CD81 and CD9.
Peroxisome, a membrane-bound organelle occurring in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, contains enzymes that oxidize certain molecules normally found in the cell, notably fatty acids and amino acids. The most common markers of peroxisome are ACOT8 and PEX3.
Additionally, we list the antibodies of organelle markers in plant cells, you can click the following link to view all of them: https://www.cusabio.com/the-collection-of-organelle-markers-antibodies-in-plant-cells.