ATR

ATR, the ataxia telangiectasia and radiosensitivity syndrome-associated protein, is also known as ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein. It is a protein kinase that plays a key role in the cell cycle and is mainly expressed in the nucleus.The mechanism of action of ATR is by sensing abnormalities in the DNA replication process, such as the production of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), which in turn activates several downstream signalling pathways, including CHK1 and CHK2. These signalling pathways are involved in checkpoint control of the cell cycle, ensuring the accuracy and integrity of DNA replication. During signalling, ATR promotes cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and response to replication stress by phosphorylating a variety of substrate proteins.

ATR is essential for the maintenance of genome stability, and its aberrant function has been linked to a wide range of diseases, including cancer, hereditary disorders, and aging.The activation of ATR helps to prevent cancerous transformation of cells as a result of DNA damage, and is one of the It is one of the important mechanisms by which cells respond to DNA damage.