POLG1

POLG1 DNA polymerase γ is a mitochondrial enzyme composed of catalytic and accessory subunits, responsible for replicating and repairing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the mitochondrial genome and cellular energy metabolism. POLG1 consists of two subunits: the catalytic subunit POLG1 contains polymerase and proofreading domains, while the accessory subunit POLG2 interacts with it to form an active heterotrimeric complex. The function of POLG1 is closely related to cell cycle control, apoptosis, oxidative stress response, and is involved in regulating the signaling pathways of mitochondrial DNA replication and repair. In addition, mutations in POLG1 affect the release of DNA and RNA fragments from mitochondria, which trigger type I interferon IFN-I response and participate in antiviral tolerance. The abnormality of POLG1 is associated with various diseases such as mitochondrial diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic syndrome. Studying POLG1 can help develop new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.