GDF2

GDF2, also known as Growth and Differentiation Factor 2, or BMP-9/BMP9, is a member of the BMP subgroup within the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. GDF2 primarily signals through receptor binding with ALK1 and others, thereby regulating the development and function of various embryonic and adult tissues.
The mechanism of action of GDF2 involves binding to receptors such as ALK1, activating downstream Smad proteins, and subsequently influencing gene expression. GDF2 is synthesized and secreted in liver non-parenchymal cells, where it promotes lipid metabolism and inhibits glucose production. It plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of cholinergic neuronal phenotypes in the embryonic central nervous system and also induces the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrogenic cell lineages. The functions of GDF2 also include regulating angiogenesis, affecting endothelial cell proliferation, and participating in the development of bone and cartilage. Abnormal expression of GDF2 is associated with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia.