PPAR signaling pathway


PPAR signaling pathway

What is Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs)?

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that are activated by fatty acids and their derivatives. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the ligand-inducible nuclear hormone receptor superfamily including three major members: PPARα (also called NR1C1), PPARβ/δ (also called NR1C2), and PPARγ (also called NR1C3). The three subtypes show different expression patterns in vertebrates.

Characteristics of The PPARs Subtype

Despite several similarities, each PPAR isoform shows specific functions likely due to different biochemical properties, variable tissue distribution, and differential responses to different ligands. Each of them is encoded in a separate gene and binds fatty acids and eicosanoids.

PPARα plays a role in the clearance of circulating or cellular lipids via the regulation of gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in liver and skeletal muscle. PPAR2α is highly expressed in liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, heart and vascular wall, and relatively low in fat and cartilage.

PPARβ/δ is involved in lipid oxidation and cell proliferation. PPARβ is highly expressed in the brain, stomach and colon.

PPARγ promotes adipocyte differentiation to enhance blood glucose uptake. PPAR gamma was expressed in mammalian adipose tissue, vascular smooth muscle tissue and myocardial tissue.

PPAR Signaling Pathway

PPAR transcriptional activity can be modulated through a nongenomic cross talk with phosphatases and kinases, including ERK1/2, p38-MAPK, PKA, PKC, AMPK, and GSK3. PPARs can form heterodimers with retinoid X receptor (RXR) modulating the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, and inflammation and inducing also anticancer effects in a variety of human tumors.

PPARs is an important target of human metabolism-related diseases, and it is involved in regulating energy metabolism, cell differentiation and inflammatory response of peroxidase body proliferation. It is related to many pathophysiological processes such as obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, T2DM, ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and tumor.

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