Hemangioblasts, are thought to be the earliest cells committed to hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis initially coined by Murray in 1932 [1] [2]. They are multipotent precursor cells and originated from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The dual developmental fate of hemangioblasts leads to the generation of HSCs and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) [3]. The term of hemangioblast exists was first introduced more than 80 years ago, and it has since gained support from studies that the hematopoietic and endothelial lineages share expression of a number of genes, such as CD34, VEGFR2/KDR, CBFA2/RUNX1, and GATA1. CUSABIO list most hemangioblast markers on the following table, and click to see all the related molecules/targets and research reagents of them.
ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme) is a central component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. It converts the hormone angiotensin I to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Diseases associated with ACE include microvascular complications of diabetes and renal tubular dysgenesis. Among its related pathways are peptide hormone metabolism and metabolism of proteins.
CD34 (Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on early lymphohematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells, and endothelial cells. CD34 is a marker of human HSC, and all colony-forming activity of human bone marrow (BM) cells is found in the CD34+ fraction [4]. Moreover, CD34+ stem cells have been investigated for their ability to promote angiogenesis and contribute to the prevention of remodeling after infarct [5].
ENG (Endoglin), also known as CD105, is a type I membrane glycoprotein located on cell surfaces and is an accessory receptor for the TGF-β receptor complex. The expression of endoglin is up-regulated in actively proliferating endothelial cells. Endoglin has been suggested as an appropriate marker for tumor-related angiogenesis and neovascularization [6].
PODXL (Podocalyxin-like 1), an anti-adhesive transmembrane glycoprotein, is a member of the sialomucin protein family, which is initially revealed in podocytes of renal glomeruli. Subsequent study showed that PODXL can also be identified in vascular endothelia [7]. Moreover, it also plays a role in cancer development and aggressiveness by inducing cell migration and invasion through its interaction with the actin-binding protein EZR.
RUNX1 (Runt-related transcription factor 1), also known as acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein, is a transcription factor that forms a complex with the cofactor CBFB. This complex provides stability to the RUNX1 protein which is involved in the generation of hematopoietic stem cells and for their differentiation into myeloid and lymphoid lines.
References
[1] Murray PDF. The development in vitro of the blood of the early chick embryo [J]. Proc Roy Soc London. 1932, 11:497-521.
[2] Lacaud, Georges; Kouskoff, Valerie. Hemangioblast, hemogenic endothelium, and primitive versus definitive hematopoiesis [J]. Experimental Hematology. 2017, 49(), 19–24.
[3] Choi, K., Kennedy, M., Kazarov, A., et al. A common precursor for hematopoietic and endothelial cells [J]. Development. 1998, 125, 725–732.
[4] Pei X. Who is hematopoietic stem cell: CD34+ or CD34- [J]? Int J Hematol. 1999. 70(4):213-5.
[5] Marvasti TB, Alibhai FJ, Weisel RD et al. CD34+ Stem Cells: Promising Roles in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration [J]. Can J Cardiol. 2019, 35(10):1311-1321.
[6] Nassiri F, Cusimano MD, Scheithauer BW et al. Endoglin (CD105): a review of its role in angiogenesis and tumor diagnosis, progression and therapy [J]. Anticancer Res. 2011, 31(6):2283-90.
[7] Zhang J, Zhu Z, Wu H et al. PODXL, negatively regulated by KLF4, promotes the EMT and metastasis and serves as a novel prognostic indicator of gastric cancer [J]. Gastric Cancer. 2019, 22(1):48-59.
Cardiovascular Biology
Cardiovascular Markers
Common Cardiovascular Diseases
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