This LTA protein is a semi-custom product. There are 5 expression system options: Yeast, E. coli, In Vivo Biotinylation in E. coli, Baculovirus, and Mammalian cell. Your requirements will be given top priority in determining the protein tags. For proteins within 800 aa, risk-free custom service is guaranteed. It means you will not be charged if the protein cannot be delivered.
LTA is a cytokine belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily [1]. It plays a crucial role in lymphoid organ development, cellular cytotoxicity in the immune system, immune regulation, and inflammatory responses [2]. LTA expression is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients and post-mortem meningeal tissue, indicating its involvement in neurodegenerative processes [3]. Furthermore, LTA has been associated with the ectopic lymphoid structures in autoimmune diseases, highlighting its role in chronic inflammation [4].
Studies have shown that LTA is essential for lymphoid organogenesis, as demonstrated in LTA-deficient mice where critical roles in the development of lymphoid organs were revealed [5]. LTA has been linked to the formation of germinal centers in peripheral lymphoid organs, emphasizing its role in immune responses [6]. The development and maintenance of secondary lymphoid organs and follicular dendritic cells depend on signaling components involving LTA and other related cytokines [7].
References:
[1] P. Crowe, T. VanArsdale, B. Walter, C. Ware, C. Hession, B. Ehrenfelset al., A lymphotoxin-β-specific receptor, Science, vol. 264, no. 5159, p. 707-710, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8171323
[2] R. Bates, E. Browne, R. Schalks, H. Jacobs, L. Tan, P. Parekhet al., Lymphotoxin-alpha expression in the meninges causes lymphoid tissue formation and neurodegeneration, Brain, vol. 145, no. 12, p. 4287-4307, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac232
[3] F. Carubbi, P. Cipriani, A. Marrelli, P. Benedetto, P. Ruscitti, O. Berardicurtiet al., Efficacy and safety of rituximab treatment in early primary sjögren's syndrome: a prospective, multi-center, follow-up study, Arthritis Research & Therapy, vol. 15, no. 5, p. R172, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar4359
[4] P. Koni, R. Sacca, P. Lawton, J. Browning, N. Ruddle, & R. Flavell, Distinct roles in lymphoid organogenesis for lymphotoxins α and β revealed in lymphotoxin β–deficient mice, Immunity, vol. 6, no. 4, p. 491-500, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80292-7
[5] M. Matsumoto, S. Mariathasan, M. Nahm, F. Baranyay, J. Peschon, & D. Chaplin, Role of lymphotoxin and the type i tnf receptor in the formation of germinal centers, Science, vol. 271, no. 5253, p. 1289-1291, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5253.1289
[6] M. Glatzel, O. Giger, N. Braun, & A. Aguzzi, The peripheral nervous system and the pathogenesis of prion diseases, Current Molecular Medicine, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 355-359, 2004. https://doi.org/10.2174/1566524043360618
[7] B. Vastrad and C. Vastrad, Identification of differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in gestational diabetes mellitus by integrated bioinformatics analysis,, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.24.469869
[8] S. Yang, K. Hayer, H. Fazelinia, L. Spruce, M. Asnani, A. Naqviet al., Fbxw7β isoform drives transcriptional activation of the proinflammatory tnf cluster in human pro-b cells, Blood Advances, vol. 7, no. 7, p. 1077-1091, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007910
