ELISA Kits for Immune Checkpoints Research

1. Definition of Immune Checkpoints

Immune checkpoints are a class of ligand-receptor pairs that regulate and control immune responses, helping to maintain the balance of the immune system. They can regulate the degree of immune activation, ensuring that the immune system responds appropriately to external stimuli, avoiding excessive activation that may cause indiscriminate attacks on normal cells, and protecting normal tissues from damage.

2. Types of Immune Checkpoints

Immune checkpoints include two types: activating immune checkpoints and inhibitory immune checkpoints.

● Activating immune checkpoints: These checkpoints can enhance the activity of immune cells and promote immune responses. For example, activating immune checkpoints such as 4-1BB (CD137), CD28, ICOS, etc., can enhance the activity of T cells and help them kill tumor cells.

● Inhibitory immune checkpoints: These checkpoints can suppress the activity of immune cells and hinder immune responses. For example, inhibitory immune checkpoints such as CTLA-4, PD-1, TIGIT, BTLA, etc., can suppress the activity of T cells and reduce their ability to attack tumor cells.

However, scientists have discovered that many cancer cells develop checkpoints that allow them to evade attacks from the immune system, suppressing the immune response of T cells. In response to this theory, immune checkpoint therapy has gained attention. This therapy involves adjusting immune checkpoint molecules to enhance the immune system's ability to attack cancer cells, with immune checkpoints becoming a major target in cancer immunotherapy due to their unique role in immune evasion.

3. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Drugs targeting immune checkpoints are mainly divided into inhibitors and activators. While activators are currently in the clinical research stage, the inhibitor track has already seen a constellation of stars.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a class of cancer immunotherapy drugs that enhance anti-cancer immune responses by targeting immune receptors on T lymphocytes. Among them, the most popular representative drugs are PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. The main principle is to block the binding between the PD-1 receptor and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, thereby releasing the immune response inhibition mediated by the PD-1 pathway, restoring the activation state of T cells, and enhancing the immune system's ability to attack tumor cells. So far, several PD-1/PD-L1 antibody drugs have been approved, such as Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Atezolizumab, Avelumab, etc., becoming star products that have attracted much attention in recent years.

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4. CUSABIO ELISA Kits for Immune Checkpoints

4.1 ELISA Kits for Immune Checkpoints Catalog

4.2 Additional Resources for Immune Checkpoints

Other Related Products:

Immune Checkpoint Recombinant Proteins

Immunology-related Research ELISA Kits

Summary of Advances in Key Immune Checkpoint Molecules:

PD-1/PD-L1, What a Powerful Immune Checkpoint

PD-1-- An Important Immune Checkpoint

TNFRSF9: A Potent Immune-Stimulator in Cancer

CD48: An Emerging Human Immune Co-stimulatory Molecule, Friend or Foe?

CD47, A New Target for Tumor Immune