Recombinant Bovine Rhodopsin (RHO), partial

Code CSB-YP019681BO1
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Source Yeast
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Code CSB-EP019681BO1-B
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Source E.coli
Conjugate Avi-tag Biotinylated
E. coli biotin ligase (BirA) is highly specific in covalently attaching biotin to the 15 amino acid AviTag peptide. This recombinant protein was biotinylated in vivo by AviTag-BirA technology, which method is BriA catalyzes amide linkage between the biotin and the specific lysine of the AviTag.
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Code CSB-BP019681BO1
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Source Baculovirus
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Code CSB-MP019681BO1
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Source Mammalian cell
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Product Details

Purity
>85% (SDS-PAGE)
Target Names
RHO
Uniprot No.
Alternative Names
RHO; Rhodopsin
Species
Bos taurus (Bovine)
Protein Length
Partial
Tag Info
Tag type will be determined during the manufacturing process.
The tag type will be determined during production process. If you have specified tag type, please tell us and we will develop the specified tag preferentially.
Form
Lyophilized powder
Note: We will preferentially ship the format that we have in stock, however, if you have any special requirement for the format, please remark your requirement when placing the order, we will prepare according to your demand.
Buffer before Lyophilization
Tris/PBS-based buffer, 6% Trehalose, pH 8.0
Reconstitution
We recommend that this vial be briefly centrifuged prior to opening to bring the contents to the bottom. Please reconstitute protein in deionized sterile water to a concentration of 0.1-1.0 mg/mL.We recommend to add 5-50% of glycerol (final concentration) and aliquot for long-term storage at -20℃/-80℃. Our default final concentration of glycerol is 50%. Customers could use it as reference.
Troubleshooting and FAQs
Storage Condition
Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt, aliquoting is necessary for mutiple use. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Shelf Life
The shelf life is related to many factors, storage state, buffer ingredients, storage temperature and the stability of the protein itself.
Generally, the shelf life of liquid form is 6 months at -20°C/-80°C. The shelf life of lyophilized form is 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Lead Time
Delivery time may differ from different purchasing way or location, please kindly consult your local distributors for specific delivery time.
Note: All of our proteins are default shipped with normal blue ice packs, if you request to ship with dry ice, please communicate with us in advance and extra fees will be charged.
Notes
Repeated freezing and thawing is not recommended. Store working aliquots at 4°C for up to one week.
Datasheet
Please contact us to get it.

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Target Background

Function
Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth. Light-induced isomerization of 11-cis to all-trans retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins. Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by the arrestin SAG and terminates signaling.
Gene References into Functions
  1. Data indicate molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed fluorescence experiments on arrestin-1 interactions with rhodopsin, showing that loops within the C-edge of arrestin function as a membrane anchor. PMID: 28220785
  2. the photoreceptor pathology associated with expression of these enigmatic Retinitis pigmentosa-associated rhodopsin pigments arises from their unexpected inability to dimerize via transmembrane helices 1 and 5 PMID: 27694816
  3. Rhodopsin mutant E113Q could have the potential for use as a template of anion biosensors at visible wavelength. PMID: 27865136
  4. The study shows that, compared to the inactive 11-cis-retinal case, trans-retinal rhodopsin is able to undergo protonated Schiff base (PSB) deprotonation due to a change in the conformation of the retinal and a consequent alteration in the hydrogen-bond (HB) network in which PSB and the counterion Glu113 are embedded. PMID: 28731695
  5. Data suggest that retinitis pigmentosa-associated mutation G51A behaves differently in human rhodopsin compared to bovine rhodopsin; human rhodopsin is more thermally stable than ancestral ancestrally reconstructed mammalian rhodopsin. PMID: 28369862
  6. These findings revealed a total water flux between the bulk and the protein inside in the Meta II state, and suggested that these pathways provide water molecules to the crucial sites of the activated rhodopsin. PMID: 28493967
  7. Data suggest that a hetero-multimer complex forms between light-activated rhodopsin and light-activated heterotrimeric transducin (T-alpha-1, Gnb1, Gngt1); the stoichiometry is 1:1 rhodopsin:transducin. The complex appears to form on native rod outer segment membranes upon light activation. PMID: 28655769
  8. Study presents a comprehensive analysis of the kinetics and thermodynamics of the recombination reaction between opsin and 11-cis-retinal (11CR) to form the mature visual pigment, Rho; and found that the lipid bilayer environment is important for ligand binding in Rho. PMID: 28700926
  9. In response to light-induced isomerization of the retinal chromophore rhodopsin, hydrogen-bonding interactions involving these C=O groups are released, thus facilitating repacking of H5 and H7 onto the transmembrane core of the receptor. PMID: 27376589
  10. rhodopsin can tolerate a second Lys in the retinal binding pocket and suggest that an evolutionary intermediate with two Lys could allow migration of the Schiff base Lys to a position other than the observed, highly conserved location in the seventh TM helix PMID: 27486845
  11. multiconfigurational quantum chemistry is used to compare the isomerization mechanisms of the sensory rhodopsin from the cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120 (ASR) and of the bovine rhodopsin (Rh). PMID: 26607446
  12. show that although the basic activation pathways of human and bovine rhodopsin are similar, structural deviations exist in the inactive conformation and during receptor activation, even between closely related rhodopsins PMID: 26105054
  13. Data suggest that, upon activation/deactivation of RHO, the main conformational changes found in molecular dynamic simulations are distributed throughout transmembrane bundle rather than localized to specific sites (i.e., conserved sequences). PMID: 24889093
  14. DMPC/DHPC bicelles dramatically increase the thermal stability of the rhodopsin mutants G90V and N55K. PMID: 26181234
  15. The molecular mechanism of the ultrafast reversible photoreaction of visual pigment rhodopsin may be used as a concept for the development of an ultrafast optical molecular switch. PMID: 25393597
  16. Formation and decay of the arrestin.rhodopsin complex in native disc membranes. PMID: 25847250
  17. Phospholipid scrambling is a constitutive activity of rhodopsin, distinct from its light-sensing function. PMID: 25296113
  18. maps of information flow were calculated in A2 A adenosine receptor (A2 A AR) and bovine rhodopsin and identified key residues for signal transductions and their pathways. PMID: 24166702
  19. One site on rhodopsin can interact with multiple structurally separate sites on arrestin that are almost 30 angstroms apart. PMID: 24724832
  20. A comparison of melanopsin with the mechanisms documented for vertebrate (bovine) and invertebrate (squid) visual photoreceptors shows that such a mechanism is not affected by the diversity of the three chromophore cavities. PMID: 24449866
  21. Retinitis pigmentosa mutants provide insight into the role of the N-terminal cap in rhodopsin folding, structure, and function. PMID: 24106275
  22. The purpose of this study was to test for mechanisms by which the autosomal dominant rhodopsin mutation Ter349Glu causes an early, rapid retinal degeneration. PMID: 23940033
  23. findings show that a quantum chemical model of rhodopsin provides a molecular-level understanding of the Barlow correlation; the transition state mediating thermal activation has the same electronic structure as the photoreceptor excited state, creating a direct link between maximum absorption wavelength and thermal activation kinetic constant PMID: 22955833
  24. Results describe the geometries, electronic effects, and vertical excitation energies in the dark state of mutated human and cattle rhodopsins carrying the abnormal substitutions M207R or S186W at the retinal binding pocket. PMID: 22126625
  25. The effects of inorganic salts on the thermal decay properties of both its inactive and photoactivated states on the alpha-helical membrane protein rhodopsin from vertebrate retina, is reported. PMID: 22261069
  26. Expression of the human RHO P23H transgene in the retina creates a miniature swine model with an inheritance pattern and retinal function that mimics adRP. PMID: 22247487
  27. The glycosylation pattern in the serotonin receptor (5-HT4R) is more complex than in murine and bovine rhodopsin. PMID: 22145929
  28. The M257Y(6.40) constitutively active mutant of the photoreceptor rhodopsin was used in combination with the specific binding of a C-terminal fragment from the G protein alpha subunit (GalphaCT) to trap a light activated state for crystallization. PMID: 22198838
  29. Rhodopsin/transducin complex forms only if rhodopsin is in the activated state. PMID: 21995315
  30. Conformational dynamics of helix 8 in the GPCR rhodopsin controls arrestin activation in the desensitization process PMID: 22039220
  31. kinetic analysis of thermal decay of rhodopsin reveals unusual energetics of thermal isomerization and hydrolysis of Schiff base PMID: 21921035
  32. Molecular mechanisms of disease for mutations at Gly-90 in rhodopsin. PMID: 21940625
  33. These results indicate the bilayer structure increases the activation energy of denaturation to rhodopsin denaturation. PMID: 21689528
  34. in the presence of antibodies against immune-dominant epitopes, recoverin loses its ability to perform a function of Ca(2+)-sensitive inhibitor of rhodopsin phosphorylation PMID: 21568868
  35. Transfection of hTERT-RPE1 cells with constructs encoding RHO-EGFP, but not RHO-mCherry, results in the distribution of fluorescently-tagged opsin in the plasma membrane. PMID: 20238016
  36. Role of bulk water in hydrolysis of the rhodopsin chromophore. PMID: 21460218
  37. multiscale activation mechanism with a complex energy landscape, whereby the photonic energy is directed against the E2 loop by the C13-methyl group, and toward helices H3 and H5 by the C5-methyl of the beta-ionone ring. PMID: 21527723
  38. Solid-state (2)H NMR relaxation elucidates picosecond-to-nanosecond-timescale motions of the retinal ligand that influence larger-scale functional dynamics of rhodopsin in membranes. PMID: 21278756
  39. We hypothesize that, although arrestin requires at least a single Rho*P to bind the membrane, a single arrestin can actually interact with a pair of receptors PMID: 21169358
  40. Analyses of the photobleaching processes of split rhodopsins and rhodopsin mutant lacking disulfide bond showed that the rigid structure of second extracellular loop is required for facilitating the formation of the active state. PMID: 20886156
  41. similar to transducin activation, rhodopsin phosphorylation by GRK1 and high affinity arrestin-1 binding only requires a rhodopsin monomer PMID: 20966068
  42. hydrophobic interactions by V138(3).(3), V227.(2), V250.(3)(3), V254.(3) and I255.(3) are critical for receptor activation and/or efficient rhodopsin-transducin interaction PMID: 21114958
  43. These data suggest that a larger conformational change in helices V and VI of bovine rhodopsin explains why it has greater G protein activation ability than other rhodopsins. PMID: 19497849
  44. Specific binding of rhodopsin-loaded nanoscale apolipoprotein bound bilayer particles to the surface and formation of a membrane protein monolayer. PMID: 20923668
  45. Both blue- and green-sensitive rod rhodopsins have at least one allosteric binding site for retinoid, but beta-ionone binds to the latter type of rhodopsin with low affinity and low efficacy. PMID: 20923672
  46. The amino acid residues that differ naturally between bovine and mouse rhodopsin appear to have minimal bearing on molecular interactions stabilizing structural segments and unfolding intermediates; no major differences in unfolding energy are observed. PMID: 21038881
  47. results indicate that the counterion does not need to be located at position 113 for a high photosensitivity for natural light. result suggests that counterion in vertebrate visual pigments is optimally located for stability of the Schiff base linkage. PMID: 21038858
  48. The crystal structure of opsin in the region of the ionic lock reflects the active state of the receptor. PMID: 21041664
  49. The experiments point to the importance of interactions of rhodopsin with particular lipid species in the first layer of lipids surrounding the protein as well as to membrane elastic stress in the lipid-protein domain. PMID: 20682259
  50. ultrafast optical spectroscopy with sub-20-fs time resolution and spectral coverage from the visible to the near-infrared allows following of the dynamics leading to the conical intersection in rhodopsin isomerization PMID: 20864998

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Subcellular Location
Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Cell projection, cilium, photoreceptor outer segment.
Protein Families
G-protein coupled receptor 1 family, Opsin subfamily
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in rod-shaped photoreceptor cells in the retina that mediate vision in dim light (at protein level).
Database Links
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