World Diabetes Day:
Diabetes and Well-being

1. What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar, resulting from absolute or relative insulin deficiency and impaired insulin utilization. It can be categorized into four types:

1.1 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)

T1DM is a chronic metabolic endocrine disorder where the pancreas' beta cells are destroyed, leading to an absolute lack of insulin. This destruction is typically mediated by the immune system, which mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Consequently, patients are unable to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels. (click "Autoimmune Disease Series: Type 1 Diabetes" for more information)

1.2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

T2DM is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for approximately 90% to 95% of all diabetes cases. Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is primarily the result of decreased insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance) and a gradual decline in insulin secretion from beta cells. Possible contributing factors include genetics, lifestyle, age, and ethnic or racial background.

1.3 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

GDM refers to the abnormal glucose tolerance first discovered or diagnosed during pregnancy. It typically occurs at any stage of pregnancy but is most often identified in the second or third trimester. The main mechanism of GDM is insulin resistance, which may be caused by a variety of factors including genetics, obesity, poor dietary habits, and lifestyle. Additionally, pregnancy itself increases insulin demand, potentially leading to poor blood glucose control. Women with a history of GDM are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes postpartum.

1.4 Other Specific Types of Diabetes

These are all forms of diabetes caused by factors other than type 1, type 2, or gestational diabetes. Classified by etiology, other specific types can be divided into several subcategories, including monogenic defects in beta cell function, pancreatogenic diabetes, drug- or chemical-induced diabetes, endocrine diseases, monogenic defects in insulin action, genetic syndromes associated with diabetes, infections, and rare forms of immune-mediated diabetes. Among these, monogenic defects in beta cell function and pancreatogenic diabetes are relatively common subcategories.

2. The latest research advancements in diabetes

Currently, scientists have made a series of significant progress in diabetes research, encompassing everything from blood sugar control medications and insulin therapies to innovative diabetes management devices, as well as potential therapies like immunotherapy and beta cell regeneration. Here are some of the latest research developments:

2.1 Pharmacological Advances

SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, among other novel hypoglycemic drugs, have been proven to effectively lower blood glucose and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The American Diabetes Association (ADA) emphasized the importance of these drugs in its 2024 clinical practice standards ^[1]. For instance, new drugs like empagliflozin have shown excellent performance in improving blood glucose control in adults with T2DM and have demonstrated potential applications in obesity, cardiovascular risk-related diseases, and diabetic nephropathy.

Additionally, researchers are developing more effective insulin formulations, such as long-acting and rapid-acting insulins, to better mimic the natural secretion pattern of insulin and help patients control blood glucose levels more effectively.

2.2 Disease Classification and Personalized Treatment

Researchers have identified different subtypes of type 2 diabetes, including Severe Insulin Deficiency Diabetes (SIDD), Severe Insulin Resistance Diabetes (SIRD), Mild Obesity-Related Diabetes (MOD), and Mild Age-Related Diabetes (MARD). The identification of these subtypes provides a scientific basis for personalized treatment strategies ^[2].

2.3 Early Diagnosis and Screening

Early diagnosis and screening of islet autoantibodies are crucial directions in the early diagnosis research of type 1 diabetes, aiding in earlier diagnosis and intervention ^[3]. The application of continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGM) and automated insulin delivery systems is transforming the management of type 1 diabetes, enhancing patients' self-management abilities and treatment adherence ^[4]. New devices such as continuous glucose monitors (CGM) and smart insulin pumps can monitor blood glucose levels in real-time and automatically adjust insulin delivery, providing patients with more convenient and efficient management tools.

2.4 Other Research Progress

Recent studies show that non-endocrine tissues can be reprogrammed to respond to blood glucose changes without the use of insulin, offering new possibilities for diabetes treatment. Advances in genomics have deepened our understanding of beta cell function, aiding in the identification of diabetes susceptibility genes and propelling the development of personalized medicine. Analyzing an individual's lipid profile can assess their risk of diabetes and inform the development of corresponding prevention and treatment strategies.

Read more：

Diabetes: What You Need to Know Before Starting Research?

Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

3. Diabetes Research Related Products from CUSABIO

To aid in your research of diabetes-related biomarkers and signaling pathways, to comprehend the pathogenesis of diabetes, assess the progression of the disease, and develop novel therapeutic approaches, CUSABIO has meticulously assembled a suite of commonly utilized proteins, antibodies, and ELISA kits in diabetes research. The targets encompass, but are not limited to, insulin (INS) and its receptor (INSR), islet beta cell markers such as GLUT2 and PDX1, inflammatory markers including TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP, oxidative stress markers like 8-OHdG and MDA, and molecules associated with the insulin signaling pathway such as IRS1/2.

● Hot Targets in Diabetes Research

• ADIPOQ
• AKT1
• ALB
• CRP
• DPP4
• GCG
• GIPR
• GLP1R
• GPT
• IER3
• IL1B
• IL6
• INS
• INSR
• IRS1
• IRS2
• LEP
• NFKB1
• PDX1
• PPARG
• REN
• SLC17A5
• SLC2A2
• SLC5A2
• TGFB1
• TNF
• VEGFA
• ZGLP1

● CUSABIO Recombinant Proteins for Diabetes Research

GIPR
CSB-MP009438HU1d7

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human GIPR at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-GIPR recombinant antibody (CSB-RA009438MA1HU)，the EC₅₀ 16.18-18.70 ng/mL.

GLP1R
CSB-MP009514HUb1

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human GLP1R at 2 μg/mL can bind Anti-GLP1R recombinant antibody (CSB-RA009514MA1HU), the EC₅₀ is 54.54-94.23 ng/mL.

IL6
CSB-YP011664HU

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human IL6 at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-IL6 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA011664MA1HU)，the EC₅₀ is 35.80-41.82 ng/mL.

TNF
CSB-YP023955HU

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human TNF at 5 μg/ml can bind Human TNFR2 protein (CSB-MP023978HU2). The EC₅₀ is 3.470-4.107 ng/mL.

Target	Product Name	Source	Tag Info	Product Code
ADIPOQ	Recombinant Bovine Adiponectin (ADIPOQ)	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-SUMO-tagged	CSB-EP661101BO
Adipoq	Recombinant Mouse Adiponectin (Adipoq)	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-EP723362MO
Adipoq	Recombinant Mouse Adiponectin (Adipoq), partial	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-RP079474m
ADIPOQ	Recombinant Bovine Adiponectin (ADIPOQ)	Yeast	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP661101BO
ADIPOQ	Recombinant Horse Adiponectin D (ADIPOQ), partial	E.coli	Tag-Free	CSB-EP4093HO
AKT1	Recombinant Human RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1)	E.coli	N-terminal GST-tagged	CSB-EP001553HU
Akt1	Recombinant Rat RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (Akt1)	E.coli	N-terminal 10xHis-tagged	CSB-EP001553RA
Alb	Recombinant Mouse Serum albumin (Alb)	Baculovirus	C-terminal 9xHis-tagged	CSB-BP001561MO
ALB	Recombinant Dog Serum albumin (ALB)	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-EP001561DO
ALB	Recombinant Macaca fascicularis albumin (ALB)	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-SUMO-tagged	CSB-EP001561MOV
ALB	Recombinant Macaca fascicularis albumin (ALB)	Mammalian cell	N-terminal 6xHis-Myc-tagged	CSB-MP001561MOV
ALB	Recombinant Dog Serum albumin (ALB)	Yeast	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP001561DO
Alb	Recombinant Mouse Albumin (Alb)	Yeast	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP001561MO
ALB	Recombinant Macaca fascicularis albumin (ALB)	Yeast	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP001561MOV
ALB	Recombinant Bovine Serum albumin (ALB)	Yeast	C-terminal 6xHis-Myc-tagged	CSB-YP001561BO
ALB	Recombinant Bos taurus Albumin (ALB)	Baculovirus	C-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-BP001561BO
Alb	Recombinant Rat Serum albumin (Alb), Biotinylated	E.coli	N-terminal MBP-tagged and C-terminal 6xHis-Avi-tagged	CSB-EP001561RA-B
ALB	Recombinant Chicken Serum albumin (ALB), partial	Yeast	C-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP001561CH
ALB	Recombinant Chicken Albumin (ALB), partial	E.coli	N-terminal 10xHis-tagged and C-terminal Myc-tagged	CSB-EP001561CH
Alb	Recombinant Rat Serum albumin (Alb)	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged and C-terminal Avi-tagged	CSB-EP001561RA

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● CUSABIO Antibodies for Diabetes Research

Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-RA001553A473phHU

Tested Applications:
ELISA, WB, IHC, IF, IP

SLC2A2 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-RA438622A0HU

Tested Applications:
ELISA, IHC, IF, FC

CRP Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-MA027411E0m

Tested Applications:
ELISA, IHC

DPP4 Antibody
CSB-PA06229A0Rb

Tested Applications:
ELISA, WB, IHC, IF

- Recombinant Antibody

Target	Product Name	Species Reactivity	Tested Applications	Code
AKT1	Phospho-AKT1 (T450) Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-RA001553A450phHU
AKT1	Phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC, IF, IP	CSB-RA001553A473phHU
AKT1	AKT1 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC, IF	CSB-RA917625A0HU
ALB	ALB Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, FC	CSB-RA264109A0HU
CRP	CRP Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-RA988767A0HU
DPP4	DPP4 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-RA927191A0HU
GCG	GCG Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-RA009315A0HU
Gipr	Gipr Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Mouse, Rat	ELISA	CSB-RA009438MA1MO
GIPR	GIPR Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-RA009438MA2HU
GIPR	GIPR Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human, Macaca fascicularis	ELISA	CSB-RA009438MA1HU
GLP1R	GLP1R Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-RA009514MA1HU
IL6	IL6 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-RA011664MA1HU
INS	INS Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-RA584163A0HU
INSR	INSR Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IF	CSB-RA155156A0HU
SLC2A2	SLC2A2 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC, IF, FC	CSB-RA438622A0HU

- Monoclonal Antibody

Target	Product Name	Species Reactivity	Tested Applications	Code
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-MA079461A0m
AKT1	AKT1 Monoclonal Antibody	Human,Mouse,Pig,Rat	ELISA, WB	CSB-MA011037
ALB	ALB Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-MA076752
CRP	CRP Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-MA027411E0m
GCG	GCG Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-MA935920
IL1B	IL1B Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-MA065741A0m
IL1B	IL1B Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC, ICC	CSB-MA010884
IL6	IL6 Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-MA067571A0m
PPARG	PPARG Monoclonal Antibody	Human,Dog,Pig,Rat,Mouse	ELISA, WB, ICC	CSB-MA930213
TNF	TNF Monoclonal Antibody	Bovine	ELISA	CSB-MA084771A0m
TNF	TNF Monoclonal Antibody	Human,Mouse,Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-MA080271
TNF	TNF Monoclonal Antibody	Human,Mouse,Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-MA080272

- Polyclonal Antibody

Target	Product Name	Species Reactivity	Tested Applications	Code
Adipoq	Adipoq Antibody	Mouse	ELISA	CSB-PA07946A0Rb
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-PA07956A0Rb
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-PA07957A0Rb
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-PA618019YA01HU
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Bovine	ELISA	CSB-PA661101LA01BO
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Bovine	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA661101YA01BO
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA000014
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA000806
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, IHC	CSB-PA293186
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA149289
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA938581
ADIPOQ	ADIPOQ Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA828343
AKT1	AKT1 Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC, IF, IP	CSB-PA15905A0Rb
AKT1	AKT1 Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC, IF	CSB-PA000852
AKT1	Phospho-AKT1 (S124) Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-PA008118
AKT1	Phospho-AKT1 (T72) Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-PA008120
AKT1	AKT1 Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, IHC	CSB-PA008122
AKT1	AKT1 Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	WB	CSB-PA080256
AKT1	Phospho-AKT1 (S129) Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA000645
AKT1	Phospho-AKT1 (T308) Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA000657

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● CUSABIO ELISA Kits for Diabetes Research

Rat TNF-α ELISA kit
CSB-E11987r

460 Citations

Rat IL-6 ELISA KIT
CSB-E04640r

339 Citations

Rat IL-1β ELISA Kit
CSB-E08055r

267 Citations

Mouse INS ELISA Kit
CSB-E05071m

115 Citations

Target	Product Name	Sample Types	Detection Range	Code
ADIPOQ	Bovine adiponectin,ADP ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	3.125 μg/mL-50 μg/mL	CSB-E14054B
ADIPOQ	Sheep adiponectin (ADIPOQ)ELISA kit	serum, plasma	6.25 ng/mL-100 ng/mL	CSB-EL001366SH
ADIPOQ	Hamster adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing (ADIPOQ)ELISA kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.469 ng/mL-30 ng/mL	CSB-EL001366HA
AKT1	Human RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase(AKT1) ELISA kit	serum, plasma, cell lysates	0.312 ng/mL-20 ng/mL	CSB-EL001553HU
ALB	Mouse Albumin (Alb)ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.781 μg/mL-200 μg/mL	CSB-E13878m
ALB	Pig Albumin (Alb) ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, urine	0.03 μg/mL-7000 μg/mL	CSB-E16207p
ALB	Goat Albumin (Alb)ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.17 μg/mL-350 μg/mL	CSB-E15758G
ALB	Dog Albumin(Alb) ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.273 μg/mL-35 μg/mL	CSB-E15757c
ALB	Sheep Albumin (Alb)ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, cell culture supernates,Urine, Tissue Homogenates	350 μg/mL-21.88 μg/mL	CSB-E15839Sh
ALB	Bovine Albumin(Alb) ELISA kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.313 μg/mL-80 μg/mL	CSB-E08664b
ALB	Horse Albumin(Alb) ELISA Kit	serum, plasma	1.25 μg/mL-80 μg/mL	CSB-E16205Hs
ALB	Guinea Pig Albumin(Alb) ELISA kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.156 μg/mL-10 μg/mL	CSB-E15765Gp
ALB	Rabbit Albumin(Alb) ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, urine	0.273 μg/mL-70 μg/mL	CSB-E16204Rb
CRP	Rat C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates, cell lysates	31.25 ng/mL-2000 ng/mL	CSB-E07922r
CRP	Mouse C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates	15.6 ng/mL-1000 ng/mL	CSB-E07923m
CRP	Rabbit C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit	serum, plasma	7.8 pg/mL-2000 pg/mL	CSB-E06847Rb
CRP	Pig C-reactive protein,CRP ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.625 ng/mL-40 ng/mL	CSB-E08163p
CRP	Canine C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, cell culture supernates	0.312 μg/mL-20 μg/mL	CSB-E14262c
CRP	Mouse C-Reactive Protein,CRP ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	5 ng/mL-4000 ng/mL	CSB-E07923m(1)
CRP	Bovine C-reactive protein,CRP ELISA Kit	serum, plasma	1.25 ng/mL-80 ng/mL	CSB-E08577b

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