Autoimmune Disease Series--

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by absolute insulin deficiency due to damage to pancreatic β-cells, which often develops in childhood and adolescence, but may affect people of all ages. Typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss, which may lead to acute complications such as ketoacidosis in severe cases.

The research for type 1 diabetes treatment covers a wide range of areas, including insulin therapy, automated insulin delivery systems (AIDs), insulin-assisted therapies, and GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. The current direction of its drug development covers a wide range of aspects ranging from immunomodulation, β-cell protection and regeneration to specific hormone receptor antagonism and activation, as described below:

• Immunomodulation and inflammation suppression: Studies have shown that protecting pancreatic β-cells through immunomodulation or suppression of inflammation holds promise for delaying or stopping disease progression. For example, CTLA4-Ig (abatacept) , an immunomodulator, was used in patients with T1DM and was able to slow the decline in β-cell function and maintain the effect for at least one year after discontinuation of the drug ^[1]. In addition, abatacept shows potential as a promising experimental drug in T1DM through specific immunomodulation without causing systemic immunosuppression ^[2].
• Glucagon receptor antagonism and activation: The role of glucagon in T1DM has received attention, and blocking glucagon receptors or inhibiting glucagon secretion by α-cells has become a new therapeutic direction. In addition, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system has received attention as a therapeutic target because of its multimodal action and low hypoglycemic tendency ^[3].
• Endoplasmic reticulum stress: endoplasmic reticulum stress is considered to be an important pathological feature in the pathogenesis of T1DM, and drugs targeting pathological endoplasmic reticulum stress are expected to restore pancreatic β-cells quantity and quality.
• Autoantigens and cytokines: therapeutic strategies targeting autoantigens (e.g., GAD65, insulin, etc.) and cytokines in T1DM are also under investigation. These autoantigens are not only target proteins for humoral autoimmune responses, but may also be target molecules for autoreactive T lymphocytes.

Currently, targeted immunotherapy targeting T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and cytokines has made great progress. In addition, a variety of new drugs including SGLT inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, immunomodulatory drugs (including autoantigens and anti-cytokines), and β-cell regenerative agents are in clinical development. Insulin gene therapy has also shown potential for treating T1DM as an alternative strategy to correct hyperglycemia by expressing insulin in non-β cells.

CUSABIO has long been committed to providing researchers with high-quality proteins, antibodies, ELISA kits and other tools for scientific research reagent products, and has compiled a series of popular targets related to type 1 diabetes research and related reagent products listed below for your selection:

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Drug Targets Related Products

● Target Proteins

CD40
CSB-MP004936HU1

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized CD40L at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti- CD40L Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody(CSB-RA156386A0HU), the EC₅₀ is 2.353-3.232 ng/ml.

CD40LG
CSB-MP004937HU3

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized CD40L at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti- CD40L Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody(CSB-RA156386A0HU), the EC₅₀ is 2.353-3.232 ng/ml.

CTLA4
CSB-MP006163HU1

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized CD152 at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti-CD152 rabbit monoclonal antibody(CSB-RA213310A0HU), the EC₅₀ of human CD152 protein is 27.14-34.82 ng/ml.

GCGR
CSB-MP009316HU1

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized human GCGR at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti-GCGR recombinant antibody (CSB-RA009316A1HU), the EC₅₀ is 3.747-6.666 ng/mL.

GLP1R
CSB-MP009514HUb1

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human GLP1R at 2 μg/mL can bind Anti-GLP1R recombinant antibody (CSB-RA009514MA1HU), the EC₅₀ is 54.54-94.23 ng/mL.

IL17A
CSB-BP624104HU(M)

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human IL17A at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti-IL17A recombinant antibody (CSB-RA624104MA1HU), the EC₅₀ is 1.818-2.170 ng/mL.

IL6
CSB-YP011664HU

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized Human IL6 at 2μg/mL can bind Anti-IL6 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA011664MA1HU)，the EC₅₀ is 35.80-41.82 ng/mL.

MS4A1
CSB-MP015007HU

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized human CD20 at 2 μg/ml can bind Anti-CD20 recombinant antibody (CSB-RA015007A1HU), the EC₅₀ is 3.243-7.085 ng/mL.

Target	Product Name	Source	Tag Info	Product Code
CD2	Recombinant Human T-cell surface antigen CD2 (CD2), partial	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-SUMO-tagged	CSB-EP004894HU
CD274	Recombinant Human Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (CD274), partial	E.coli	N-terminal 10xHis-tagged and C-terminal Myc-tagged	CSB-EP878942HU2
CD274	Recombinant Human Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (CD274), partial (Active)	Mammalian cell	C-terminal hFc-tagged	CSB-MP878942HU1
CD274	Recombinant Dog CD274 molecule (CD274), partial	Mammalian cell	C-terminal 10xHis-tagged	CSB-MP5015DO1
CD274	Recombinant Human Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (CD274), partial ( (K136A))	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-EP878942HU1(M)
CD28	Recombinant Human T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 (CD28), partial	Mammalian cell	C-terminal hFc-tagged	CSB-MP004913HU1
CD38	Recombinant Human ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 (CD38), partial	Mammalian cell	C-terminal hFc-tagged	CSB-MP004929HU1
CD38	Recombinant Human ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 (CD38), partial	Yeast	C-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP004929HU1
CD38	Recombinant Human ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 (CD38), partial	E.coli	N-terminal GST-tagged	CSB-EP004929HU2
CD40	Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40), partial (Active)	Mammalian cell	C-terminal Fc-tagged	CSB-AP005181HU
CD40	Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40), partial (Active)	Mammalian cell	C-terminal hFc-tagged	CSB-MP004936HU1
CD40	Recombinant Pig Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40), partial	E.coli	C-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-EP851448PI
CD40	Recombinant Pig Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40), partial	Yeast	C-terminal hFc-tagged	CSB-YP851448PI
CD40	Recombinant Pig Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40), partial	Yeast	C-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP851448PIc7
CD40	Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (CD40), partial	Baculovirus	C-terminal hFc-Avi-tagged	CSB-BP004936HU1
CD40LG	Recombinant Macaca mulatta CD40 ligand (CD40LG), partial	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-EP004937MOW
CD40LG	Recombinant Rabbit CD40 ligand (CD40LG), partial	E.coli	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-EP004937RB
CD40LG	Recombinant Human CD40 ligand (CD40LG), partial	E.coli	N-terminal GST-tagged	CSB-RP060054h
CD40LG	Recombinant Human CD40 ligand (CD40LG), partial	Yeast	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP004937HU1
CD40LG	Recombinant Rabbit CD40 ligand (CD40LG), partial	Yeast	N-terminal 6xHis-tagged	CSB-YP004937RB

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9

● Antibodies

CD40 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-RA004936MA1HU

Tested Applications:
ELISA, IF, FC

ITGAL Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-RA787996A0HU

Tested Applications:
ELISA, WB, IF

PCSK9 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-RA259644A0HU

Tested Applications:
ELISA, WB, IHC

SELPLG Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody
CSB-RA567010A0HU

Tested Applications:
ELISA, IHC

- Recombinant Antibody

Target	Product Name	Species Reactivity	Tested Applications	Code
CD274	CD274 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-RA977797A0HU
CD274	CD274 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC, FC	CSB-RA878942MA1HU
CD38	CD38 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-RA796695A0HU
CD40	CD40 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IF, FC	CSB-RA004936MA1HU
GCGR	GCGR Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-RA009316A1HU
IL17A	IL17A Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-RA624104MA1HU
IL23A	IL23A Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-RA251959A0HU
IL6	IL6 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-RA011664MA1HU
ITGAL	ITGAL Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IF	CSB-RA787996A0HU
MS4A1	CD20 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-RA015007A0HU
MS4A1	MS4A1 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-RA015007A1HU
MS4A1	MS4A1 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human, Dog, Macaca fascicularis	ELISA	CSB-RA015007MA3HU
MS4A1	MS4A1 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC, IF	CSB-RA015007MA4HU
PCSK9	PCSK9 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-RA259644A0HU
SELPLG	SELPLG Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-RA567010A0HU

- Monoclonal Antibody

Target	Product Name	Species Reactivity	Tested Applications	Code
CD2	CD2 Monoclonal Antibody	Human,Mouse,Rat	ELISA, IHC	CSB-MA000227
CD2	CD2 Monoclonal Antibody,FITC Conjugated	Human	ELISA, IF, FC	CSB-MA785710
CD38	CD38 Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-MA785760
IL1B	IL1B Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA	CSB-MA065741A0m
IL1B	IL1B Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC, ICC	CSB-MA010884
IL6	IL6 Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-MA067571A0m
ITGAL	ITGAL Monoclonal Antibody,FITC Conjugated	Human	ELISA, IF, FC	CSB-MA120024
ITGAL	ITGAL Monoclonal Antibody,PE Conjugated	Human	ELISA, IF, FC	CSB-MA897229
MS4A1	MS4A1 Monoclonal Antibody	Human,Mouse,Rat	ELISA, IHC	CSB-MA000204
MS4A1	MS4A1 Monoclonal Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-MA996413
TNF	TNF Monoclonal Antibody	Bovine	ELISA	CSB-MA084771A0m
TNF	TNF Monoclonal Antibody	Human,Mouse,Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-MA080271
TNF	TNF Monoclonal Antibody	Human,Mouse,Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-MA080272

- Polyclonal Antibody

Target	Product Name	Species Reactivity	Tested Applications	Code
CD2	CD2 Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC, IF	CSB-PA004894LA01HU
CD2	CD2 Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA005194
CD2	CD2 Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA004894GA01HU
CD274	CD274 Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-PA878942ESR1HU
CD274	CD274 Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-PA004911GA01HU
CD28	CD28 Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA005199
CD28	Phospho-CD28 (Y218) Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA070302
CD38	CD38 Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-PA004929ESR1HU
CD38	CD38 Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA005628
CD38	CD38 Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA134528
CD38	CD38 Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-PA926996
CD3D	CD3D Antibody	Human	ELISA, IHC	CSB-PA004930ESR1HU
CD3D	CD3D Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA001452
CD3D	CD3D Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA005826
CD3D	CD3D Antibody	Human, Mouse, Rat	ELISA, WB, IF	CSB-PA004930GA01HU
CD40	CD40 Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, WB, IF	CSB-PA004936LA01HU
CD40	CD40 Antibody	Human, Mouse, Monkey	ELISA, WB, IHC	CSB-PA001455
CD40	Phospho-CD40 (T254) Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA080031
CD40	CD40 Antibody	Human	ELISA, WB	CSB-PA004936GA01HU
CD40	CD40 Antibody	Human, Mouse	ELISA, IHC	CSB-PA215588

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6

● ELISA Kits

Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit
CSB-E08054m

265 Citations

Human IL-6 ELISA KIT
CSB-E04638h

219 Citations

Mouse TNF-α ELISA KIT
CSB-E04741m

381 Citations

Mouse TGF-β1 ELISA kit
CSB-E04726m

54 Citations

Target	Product Name	Sample Types	Detection Range	Code
CD274	Human Programmed Death Ligand-1(PD-L1/CD274) ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates	15.6 pg/mL-1000 pg/mL	CSB-E13644h
CD274	Mouse Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(CD274) ELISA kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	31.25 pg/mL-2000 pg/mL	CSB-EL004911MO
CD28	Human soluble cluster of differentiation 28,sCD28 ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.625 ng/mL-40 ng/mL	CSB-E09296h
CD38	Human Soluble Cluster of differentiation 38,sCD38 ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates	0.9 ng/mL-60 ng/mL	CSB-E09884h
CD38	Mouse ADP-ribosyl cyclase 1(CD38) ELISA kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.625 ng/mL-40 ng/mL	CSB-EL004929MO
CD40	Mouse Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5(CD40) ELISA kit		Request Information	CSB-EL004936MO
CD40LG	Human Soluble Cluster of differentiation 40 ligand,sCD40L ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	0.312 ng/mL-20 ng/mL	CSB-E04716h
CD40LG	Mouse Soluble Cluster of differentiation 40 ligand,sCD40L ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates.	0.274 ng/ml-200 ng/ml.	CSB-E04717m
CD40LG	Rat Soluble Cluster of differentiation 40 ligand,sCD40L ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	1.87 ng/mL-120 ng/mL	CSB-E07395r
IL12A	Bovine Interleukin 12,IL-12 ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	6.25 pg/mL-400 pg/mL	CSB-E14010B
IL17A	Mouse Interleukin 17,IL-17 ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates	10.938 pg/ml-700 pg/ml	CSB-E04608m-IS
IL17A	Mouse Interleukin 17,IL-17 ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	78 pg/ml - 5000 pg/ml	CSB-E04608m
IL17A	Rat Interleukin 17,IL-17 ELISA KIT	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	93.75 pg/mL-6000 pg/mL	CSB-E07451r
IL17A	Pig interleukin 17,IL-17 ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	20 pg/mL- 800 pg/mL	CSB-E08057p
IL17A	Human Interleukin 17A (IL-17A/IL-17) ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	62.5 pg/ml - 4000 pg/ml	CSB-E12819h
IL1B	Human Interleukin 1β,IL-1β ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates	2.344 pg/ml-150 pg/ml	CSB-E08053h-IS
IL1B	Mouse Interleukin 1β,IL-1β ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates	12.5 pg/ml-800 pg/ml	CSB-E08054m-IS
IL1B	Pig Interleukin 1β,IL-1β ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, cell culture supernates, tissue homogenates	3.9 pg/mL-250 pg/mL	CSB-E06782p
IL1B	Rabbit Interleukin 1β,IL-1β ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	7.8 pg/mL-500 pg/mL	CSB-E06900Rb
IL1B	Human Interleukin 1β,IL-1β ELISA Kit	serum, plasma, tissue homogenates	7.8 pg/ml - 500 pg/ml	CSB-E08053h

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Click to view CUSABIO Cytokine ELISA kits

Drug Development Solutions

ADC Development Solutions

mRNA Vaccine Research Solutions

CAR-T Therapy Development Solutions