Function
The replicase polyprotein of coronaviruses is a multifunctional protein: it contains the activities necessary for the transcription of negative stranded RNA, leader RNA, subgenomic mRNAs and progeny virion RNA as well as proteinases responsible for the cleavage of the polyprotein into functional products.; Inhibits host translation by interacting with the 40S ribosomal subunit. The nsp1-40S ribosome complex further induces an endonucleolytic cleavage near the 5'UTR of host mRNAs, targeting them for degradation. Viral mRNAs are not susceptible to nsp1-mediated endonucleolytic RNA cleavage thanks to the presence of a 5'-end leader sequence and are therefore protected from degradation. By suppressing host gene expression, nsp1 facilitates efficient viral gene expression in infected cells and evasion from host immune response.; May play a role in the modulation of host cell survival signaling pathway by interacting with host PHB and PHB2. Indeed, these two proteins play a role in maintaining the functional integrity of the mitochondria and protecting cells from various stresses.; Responsible for the cleavages located at the N-terminus of the replicase polyprotein. In addition, PL-PRO possesses a deubiquitinating/deISGylating activity and processes both 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains from cellular substrates. Participates together with nsp4 in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication. Antagonizes innate immune induction of type I interferon by blocking the phosphorylation, dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of host IRF3. Prevents also host NF-kappa-B signaling.; Participates in the assembly of virally-induced cytoplasmic double-membrane vesicles necessary for viral replication.; Cleaves the C-terminus of replicase polyprotein at 11 sites. Recognizes substrates containing the core sequence Plays a role in the initial induction of autophagosomes from host reticulum endoplasmic. Later, limits the expansion of these phagosomes that are no longer able to deliver viral components to lysosomes.; Forms a hexadecamer with nsp8 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers.; Forms a hexadecamer with nsp7 (8 subunits of each) that may participate in viral replication by acting as a primase. Alternatively, may synthesize substantially longer products than oligonucleotide primers.; May participate in viral replication by acting as a ssRNA-binding protein.; Plays a pivotal role in viral transcription by stimulating both nsp14 3'-5' exoribonuclease and nsp16 2'-O-methyltransferase activities. Therefore plays an essential role in viral mRNAs cap methylation.; Responsible for replication and transcription of the viral RNA genome.; Multi-functional protein with a zinc-binding domain in N-terminus displaying RNA and DNA duplex-unwinding activities with 5' to 3' polarity. Activity of helicase is dependent on magnesium.; Enzyme possessing two different activities: an exoribonuclease activity acting on both ssRNA and dsRNA in a 3' to 5' direction and a N7-guanine methyltransferase activity.; Plays a role in viral transcription/replication and prevents the simultaneous activation of host cell dsRNA sensors, such as MDA5/IFIH1, OAS, and PKR. Acts by degrading the 5'-polyuridines generated during replication of the poly(A) region of viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Catalyzes a two-step reaction in which a 2'3'-cyclic phosphate (2'3'-cP) is first generated by 2'-O transesterification, which is then hydrolyzed to a 3'-phosphate (3'-P). If not degraded, poly(U) RNA would hybridize with poly(A) RNA tails and activate host dsRNA sensors.; Methyltransferase that mediates mRNA cap 2'-O-ribose methylation to the 5'-cap structure of viral mRNAs. N7-methyl guanosine cap is a prerequisite for binding of nsp16. Therefore plays an essential role in viral mRNAs cap methylation which is essential to evade immune system.
Subcellular Location
[Papain-like proteinase]: Host membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Host cytoplasm.; [Non-structural protein 4]: Host membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein. Host cytoplasm.; [Non-structural protein 6]: Host membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.; [Non-structural protein 7]: Host cytoplasm, host perinuclear region. Note=nsp7, nsp8, nsp9 and nsp10 are localized in cytoplasmic foci, largely perinuclear. Late in infection, they merge into confluent complexes.; [Non-structural protein 8]: Host cytoplasm, host perinuclear region. Note=nsp7, nsp8, nsp9 and nsp10 are localized in cytoplasmic foci, largely perinuclear. Late in infection, they merge into confluent complexes.; [Non-structural protein 9]: Host cytoplasm, host perinuclear region. Note=nsp7, nsp8, nsp9 and nsp10 are localized in cytoplasmic foci, largely perinuclear. Late in infection, they merge into confluent complexes.; [Non-structural protein 10]: Host cytoplasm, host perinuclear region. Note=nsp7, nsp8, nsp9 and nsp10 are localized in cytoplasmic foci, largely perinuclear. Late in infection, they merge into confluent complexes.; [Helicase]: Host endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. Note=The helicase interacts with the N protein in membranous complexes and colocalizes with sites of synthesis of new viral RNA.; [Uridylate-specific endoribonuclease]: Host cytoplasm, host perinuclear region.
